UC-NRLF 


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aditts:  Hehrew 


jy/i 


Fm 


ll^BERT 


GUIDE 


READING   THE   HEBREW   TEXT; 


USE  OF  BEGINNERS. 


BY  THE 

REV.  W.  H.  VIBBERT,  M.A., 

PROFE880B  OP  HEBREW  IN  THE  BERKELEY  DIVINITY  SCHOOL. 


WAEREN  F.  DRAPER,  PUBLISHER, 


IIAZN     STREET. 


1872. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1872,  by 

WARREN   F.  DRAPER, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


cu)^  a  "^  ^ac.^^ao■^ 


':*... 


andoveb: 

PBIHTED  BY  WARRKK  V.  DRAPBB. 


PBE88,  BAND,  AVBBT,  &  00. 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction,     .        > v 

§  1.     The  Alphabet, 9 

Exercises  I.  II., 13 

§  2.    The  Vowels: 

I.  1.  Long  Vowels, 14 

Exercises  III. -VII., 15 

3.  Quiescent  Letters, 18 

Exercise  VIII., 19 

5.  Coincidence  of  Cholem  with  the  Diacritic  Point  of  U3,  20 

Exercises  IX.  X., 20 

n.  Short  Vowels, 22 

Exercise  XL-XIIL, 22 

§  3.     Sh'va  : 

Simple  Sh'va, 25 

Compound  Sh'va, 27 

Exercises  XIV.  XV.,  . 27 

§  4.    Syllables,      .        . 29 

Exercise  XVL, 30 

§  5.    Dagesh  Lene  and  Forte, 30 

Exercises  XVIL  XVIII.,     ...        .        .        .  31 

§  6.    Pattach  Furtive, 32 

Exercise  XIX., 33 

§  7.    Mappik,  Makkef,  and  Metheg, 84 

§  8.    Kamets  and  Kamets-Chatoof, 35 

Exercises  XX.  XXI., 36 

§  9.    Vav  and  Yothe  as  Consonants, 38 

Exercise  XXII., 39 

iU 


/*  etnooo 


IV  CONTENTS. 

§  10.    The  Accent, 40 

Exercise  XXIIL, 42 

§  11.     K'ri  and  K'theev, 42 

Directions  to  the  Student  for  the  use  of  the  Chrestomathy,         .        -  44 

Genesis,  Chapters  I.,  II.,  III.,  XL., 55 

Appendix  : 

§  I.     Formation  of  the  Verb, 45 

Formation  of  Conjugational  Stems, 55 

Formation  of  Infinitive  Absolute, 56 

Formation  of  Infinitive  Construct, 56 

Formation  of  Future  Tenses, 56 

Formation  of  Imperatives,           ......  56 

Formation  of  Participles, 56 

§  II.  Characteristics  of  the  Verb : 

1.  Characteristics  of  the  Tenses, 57 

2.  Characteristics  of  the  Conjugations  : 

(A)  Future  Tense, 57 

Table  of  Vowels  under  Future  Prefixes,    .         . "      .  58 

(B)  Preterite  Tense, 59 

3.  Characteristics  of  the  Persons, 59 

4.  Characteristics  of  Numbers,        ..       .         .         .         .         .59 

5.  Characteristics  of  Infinitives  and  Imperatives,        .        .  59 

6.  Characteristics  of  Participles,     .         .         .         .         .         .59 

§  in.     Characteristics  of  the  Noun,-    ...         .         .         .        .  60 

§  IV.     Characteristics  of  the  Pronominal  Suffixes,  .        .        .60 

Table  of  Nominal  Forms, 61 

Forms  for  Parsing, 62 

To  find  Words  in  the  Lexicon, 63 

Tabular  View  of  the  Characteristics  of  the  Verb,    .         .        .        .66 


INTRODUCTION. 


Two  reasons  will  account  for  the  appearance  of  tliis  ele- 
mentary work.  In  the  first  place,  ability  to  read  the  Hebrew 
text  of  the  Old  Testament  is  now  a  requisite  for  admission 
to  many  of  our  Theological  Seminaries;  particularly  is  it 
required  of  the  candidates  for  admission  to  the  Berkeley 
Divinity  School,  for  whom  this  treatise  is  especially  pre- 
pared. In  many  cases  —  happily  becoming  less  every  day, 
from  the  increasing  interest  in  Hebrew  —  the  student  fruit- 
lessly seeks  for  some  one  capable  of  instructing  him  in  the 
rudiments  of  the  language,  and  the  task  of  learning  to  read 
the  text  with  the  help  of  a  Grammar  alone  seems  a  difficult 
one.  And  it  is  indeed  difficult,  because  the  Grammars  do 
not  treat  this  matter  in  sufficient  detail,  or  illustrate  it  with 
enough  examples.  In  fact,  they  do  not  seem  to  appreciate 
the  beginner's  chief  trouble,  and  so  do  not  provide  for  it. 
And  yet  ten  years'  experience  in  teaching  this  language 
demonstrates  that  the  fluent  reading  of  the  text  is  one  of  the 
greatest  difficulties  which  the  learner  has  to  encounter,  and 
which  indeed  is  rarely  thoroughly  overcome.  It  is  not 
strange  that  (1)  the  unaccustomed  forms  of  the  letters  ; 
(2)  the  method  of  reading  from  right  to  left,  —  backward  as 
it  were ;  (3)  the  vowels  above,  below,  and  in  the  line,  thus 


vi  INTRODUCTION. 

making  virtually  three  lines  to  be  carried  in  the  eye  at  once  ; 
(4)  the  vocal  and  silent  sh'vas ;  (5)  the  doubtful  vowels,  etc., — 
in  view  of  all  these  things,  it  is  not  strange  that  the  reading 
of  the  text  seems  to  the  beginner  an  arduous  task.  And  yet 
if  it  is  not  perfectly  acquired,  the  student,  as  he  goes  on, 
finds  his  troubles  much  increased  from  his  inability  to  rec- 
ognize and  pronounce  at  once  the  printed  forms  of  words. 

2.  To  meet  this  difficulty  is  the  second  reason  for  the 
publication  of  this  little  book.  A  thoroughly  elementary 
Grammar,  with  exercises  by  way  of  illustrating  each  subject 
presented,  was  sought  for  in  vain.  Most  of  the  Grammars 
merely  give  the  general  principles  or  abstract  rules,  with 
few  or  no  examples  to  illustrate  them.  Kaliscli^s  Grammar, 
however  (published  in  England),  is  constructed  on  the  plan 
of  illustrating  the  principles  with  exercises,  and  so  seems  to 
meet  the  want  alluded  to  better  than  any  other  ;  but  the 
elementary  points  are  not  as  fully  illustrated  in  detail  as 
seems  desirable.  The  expense  of  this  Grammar  also  puts  it 
beyond  the  reach  of  most  theological  students. 

The  aim  of  this  work  is  to  give  the  student  all  that  is 
needful  to  enable  him  to  read  the  text  of  the  Old  Testament, 
keeping  rigorously  to  the  plan  of  stating  clearly  and  pre- 
cisely everything  that  is  essential  to  this  purpose.  This 
work  is  not  a  Hebrew  Grammar^  but  it  is  a  guide  and  a 
help  to  the  reading  of  the  text  of  the  Hebrew  Bible.  One 
thing  is  given  at  a  time,  with  exercises  for  practice,  so  that 
each  point  may  be  perfectly  comprehended.  It  is  hoped 
that  the  book  is  so  constructed  as  to  enable  the  learner  to 
read  the  Hebrew  text  without  the  services  of  the  living 
ceacher.     The  author  has  taken  nothing  for  granted  on  the 


INTRODUCTION.  vii 

part  of  the  student.  By  a  systematic  and  progressive  plan  of 
arrangement,  which  he  must  follow  closely  and  steadily, 
he  is  led  on  from  section  to  section.  No  section  must  he 
begun  until  the  preceding  one  is  thoroughly  mastered.  Noth- 
ing at  all  is  gained  by  haste  or  skimming.  The  exercises 
imder  each  section  are  to  be  written,  not  merely  once  or 
twice,  but  many  times  over,  until  perfect  familiarity  with  the 
forms  and  sounds  of  the  characters  and  signs  is  acquired. 

The  exercises  should  always  be  read  aloud,  over  and  over 
again,  until  each  word  can  be  pronounced  at  sight,  without 
stammering  or  hesitation.  Fluency  of  reading  will  only  be 
the  result  of  constant  practice. 

In  order  to  write  the  English  words  in  Hebrew  characters 
the  student  will  be  careful  to  note  how  each  consonant  and 
vowel  is  represented.  The  equivalents  herein  adopted  differ 
somewhat  from  those  which  are  commonly  made  use  of; 
e.g.  Tsara  is  usually  represented  by  e",  which  might  be  pro- 
nounced like  e  in  mete.  It  is  here  represented  by  a  as  in 
fate,  and  so  is  not  liable  to  be  pronounced  grave,  a,  or  short,  a, 
or  like  ee. 

In  giving  the  pronunciation  of  the  names  of  the  conso- 
nants, of  the  vowels,  and  of  the  other  signs  affecting  the 
text,  phonetic  spelling  has  been  adopted,  which,  tliough 
looking  awkward  to  a  scholar,  will  prevent  wrong  pronun- 
ciation on  the  part  of  the  learner.  Wherever  ch  occurs,  it 
is  always  hard,  as  in  chasm,  cholem.  The  book  is  labelled 
"  for  beginners,"  but  it  is  hoped  that  the  advanced  scholar 
will  not  be  able  to  charge  it  with  inaccuracy  or  lack  of 
perspicuity. 

How  far  we  have  succeeded  in  enabling  the  student  to 


Viii  INTRODUCTION. 

read  fluently  the  text  of  the  Hebrew  Bible  must  be  ascer- 
tained by  2i.  faithful  and  regular  use  of  the  book  itself.  May 
it,  in  its  humble  way,  so  have  assisted  him  in  laying  the 
foundations  of  his  Hebrew  learning,  that  he  may  more  easily 
advance  in  the  prosecution  of  so  sacred  a  study. 

MIDDLXTOW27,  Epiphany,  1872. 


GUIDE 


TO 


EEADING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 


§1.  THE  ALPHABET. 

Hebrew  is  written  and  read  from  right  to 
left.  The  letters,  which  are  twenty-two  in 
number,  are  exclusively  consonants,  though 
some  of  them  have  also  the  power  of  vowels. 
These  letters,  with  their  respective  names  and 
sounds,  are  given  on  page  11. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  two  of  them,  namely, 
alef  and  ayin,  are  represented  by  no  English 
equivalent.  Ahlef  is  usually  likened  to  the 
spiritus  lenis  (')  of  the  Greeks,  or  to  the  silent 
Ji  in  our  word  hour.  Hence  practically  it  has 
710  sound. 

The  true  sound  of  aym  —  which  was  proba- 
bly similar  to  the  Arabic  Ain  —  is  said  to  be 
unpronounceable  by  our  organs  of  speech.  It 
is  represented  in  the  Septuagint  sometimes  by 
7,  sometimes  by  the  spiritus  asper^  sometimes 
by  the  spiritus  lenis.    Attempts  of  grammarians 


10      GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

to  exhibit  its  power  by,  g,  cli,  %  gn,  rg,  etc., 
merely  show  the  impossibility  of  adequately 
representing  it.  In  the  midst  of  such  difficulty 
and  uncertainty  of  designating  its  pronunci- 
ation, the  method  of  passing  it  over  altogether 
as  having  no  sound  has  been  adopted,  after 
the  example  of  the  German  universities,  and 
on  the  authority  of  many  grammarians. 

In  the  last  column  of  the  Table  on  the  op-^ 
posite  page  the  similar  letters  are  placed  side 
by  side,  in  order  that  the  student,  at  a  glance, 
may  note  both  their  points  of  resemblance  and 
of  difference. 

At  the  bottom  of  the  same  column  are  given 
the  five  letters  (called  dilatabiles)  w^hich  are 
used  in  manuscripts  and  old  editions  of  the 
Bible  in  order  to  avoid  the  blank  space  which 
would  otherwise  occasionally  remain  in  the 
line,  from  the  fact  that  no  Avord  is  ever  allowed 
to  be  divided  at  the  end  of  a  line.  Such  di- 
vision is  now  avoided  in  modern  printing  by 
judicious  spacing. 

Note  1.  —  The  names  of  the  letters  are  monosyllabic,  except 
those  of  ahlef,  geemel,  dahleth^  zayin,  lahmeth^  sahmek,  ay  in,  and 
tsahthay. 

Note  2.  —  The  learner  can  acquire  familiarity  with  the  forms  and 
sounds  of  these  letters  only  by  writing  them  down,  and  uttering  the 
sound  of  each  as  often  as  he  writes  it.  This  practice  must  be  per- 
sisted in  until  each  consonant  can  be  recognized  with  facility,  and 
pronounced  readily  and  without  the  slightest  hesitation. 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 


11 


Form. 

Sound. 

Name. 

Equivalent 
in  this  book. 

Similarity 
of  Shape. 

1 

^^ 

Scarcely  audible 
breathing. 

Ah'-lef 

N 

5  3 

S 

2 
n 

b 

V  (bh) 

Bayth 

b 

V 

D    5 

5or:i 

jj.  always  hard, 
&     as  in  go 

Gee'-mel 

g 

"1 
n 

d 

th  as  in  those 
n  as  in  he 

^Dali'-letli 
Hay 

d 
th 
h 

1   T  "^ 

n  n  - 

T 

V 

z 

Vahv 

Za'-yin 

V 

z 

17  V 

n 

p"U   as  in  Ger- 
^^    man,  ?iac/i 

Chayth 

ch 

52  -J 

"J 

t 

Tayth 

t 

•^ 

y 

Yothe 

J 

0  n 

1 

3orD 

k 

Kaf 

k 

^ 

1 

Lah'-meth 

1 

Y  2  y 

n 

12 

m 

Maim 

m 

1 

: 

n 

Noon 

n 

t3  C 

D 

S  as  in  30 

Sah'-mek 

o 

3? 

No  sound 

A'-yin 

Dilated. 

"i 

P 

f  (Ph) 

Pay 

P 

f 

^< 

Y 

2 

tS  as  in  nets 

Tsah'-</^ay 

ts 

S — i 

P 

k 

Kofe 

k 

n 

r 

Eaysh 

V 

•d 

sh 

Sheen 

sh 

'-^ 

S  like  D 

Seen 

s 

t=  ■ 

n 

n 

t 

tn  as  in  thin 

Tahv 

t 

th 

r-1 

12       GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

Rem.  1.  These  characters  are  Chaldee,  not  Hebrew.  The  proper 
Hebrew  letters  are  found  only  on  monuments  and  coins. 

Rem.  2.  In  writing  these  characters,  observe  that  the  horizontal 
strokes  are  heavy,  while  the  perpendicular  ones  are  light. 

Rem.  3.  The  letters  and  their  sounds  are  first  to  be  thoroughly 
learnt,  and  afterwards  their  names  should  be  acquired. 

2.  It  will  be  noted  that  each  of  the  letters  k, 
s,  t  til,  and  V  have  two  equivalents  in  Hebrew. 
The  learner  will  therefore  carefully  note  that 
when  the  following  Hebrew  letters  are  intended 
to  be  expressed,  the  English  equivalents  in  the 
Exercises  are  printed  in  italics. 

p,  k;        D,  s;        L},  t;       ■  "7,  th;        D,  v. 

3.  As  certain  of  the  letters  closely  resemble 
each  other,  the  beginner  must  take  care  not  to 
confound  n  with  D  ;  '^  with  D ;  "7  with  "i ;  1  with 
"j ;  n  with  n ;  n  with  n ;  n  with  n ;  1  with  n  ; 
1  with  ^]  ^  with  t;  T  with  : ;  1  with  ];  D  with  12  ; 
D  with  D  ;  :?  with  ^1 ;  y  with  y  ;  "d  with  'cT. 

What  is  the  difference  in  form  between 
Dahleth  and  final  Kaf?  between  Zayin  and 
final  Noon  ?  Hay  and  Chayth  ?  Vahv  and  final 
Noon?  Chayth  and  Tahv?  Bayth  and  Kaf? 
Hay  and  Tahv  ?  Geemel  and  Noon  ?  Samek 
and  final  Maim?  Dahleth  and  Eaysh?  Ayin  and 
final  Tsah^Aay  ?  Vahv  and  YotliQ  ?  Vahv  and 
Raysh  ?     Ayin  and  Tsa/Aay  ?  Sheen  and  Seen  ? 

Rem.  The  dot  over  u  and  b  is  called  the  Diacritical  Point. 

4.  When  Kaf,  Maim,  Noon,  Pay,  or  Tsah^Aay 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.       I3 

occur  at  the  end  of  words,  they  are  written  as 
in  the  column  headed  ''  Final." 

5.  In  Hebrew  the  letters  and  words  follow 
each  other  from  right  to  left  Thus  our  word 
MOUTH,  written  Hebrew-wise,  would  be  htuom. 

Note. — th  must  be  represented  by  i  or  n,  not  by  ni3 ;  sh  by  d , 
never  by  T\o ;  ts  by  22,  never  by  Dtn . 


EXERCISE   I. 

Write  in  Hebrew  characters  the  following 
consonants : 

[When  either  m,  n,  k,  f,  or  ts  occurs  at  the  end  of  words  in  this 
and  other  Exercises,  take  care  to  give  it  its  "  final "  form.] 

B,  r,  sh,  th,  1,  h,  y,  m,  ts,  v,  ch,  p,  n,  r,  f,  th,  t, 
k,  sh,  z,  g,  ts,  V,  k,  s,  d,  r,  h,  ts  final,  k,  m,  s,  th, 
ch,  th,  r,  b,  h,  n,  v,  1,  y,  t,  sh,  g,  t,  k,  d,  s,  n  final, 
z,  m,  p,  ts,  y,  b,  th,  m  final,  h,  s,  g,  r,  f  final,  d, 
th,  t,  1,  k  final,  y,  z,  v,  b,  s,  t,  g,  h,  k,  f,  p,  th,  k, 
V,  n,  r,  b,  ts,  th,  ch,  h,  g,  t,  z,  d,  s,  1,  n,  f,  th,  m, 
s,  k,  ch,  V,  k,  ptr,  yms,  yhn,  mth,  mrk,  Ik,  hbrvs, 
thslns,  lyh,  ^^m,  th^n,  mss,  dkf,  tschy,  shpl,  prf, 
rtsv,  shrg,  chshl,  hshm,  hlk,  btsm,  yhvh,  mshp^, 
Wlikh,  gzl,  gthl,  myth,  ythvm,  kmn,  kmv,  Imnk, 
k\m,  krv,  sprts,  bchn,  rchf,  shlf,  brk,  srh,  vrhm, 
vksh^',  ytschk,  ysrl,  dn,  krch,  shmn,  jhth,  rchl, 
shd,  l^n,  blhn,  b^n,  srg,  yA^shn,  ktn,  inzmr, 
mktl,  sn. 

Note.  —  This    Exercise   should   be  written   many  times,   until 
perfect  familiarity  with  the  forms  and  sounds  is  acquired. 


14  GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

EXERCISE   II. 

"Write  the  English  equivalents  for  the  con- 
sonants in  Genesis  i.,  see  p.  45,  passing  over  i^ 
and  "$  when  they  occur,  as  having  no  sound. 
Practice  both  writing  and  pronouncing  the 
consonants  in  this  chapter  until  any  and  every 
letter  can  be  pronounced  at  sight. 

Note.  —  The  learner  ought  not  to  go  on  to  the  following  exer- 
cises until  he  is  as  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  forms  and  sounds 
of  the  letters  of  the  Hebrew  alphabet  as  he  is  with  his  own  ABC. 

§  2.    THE  VOWELS. 

I.  The  Long  Vowels. 

1.  For  convenience  and  simplicity  we  may 
divide  the  vowels  into  two  classes,  viz.  five  long 
and  five  short.     The  long  vowels  are : 


Kah'-mets  _., 

Sounded  as                    ] 

a  in  father, 

Represented ' 

a 

Tsay'-ray     _  or  '^_., 

a  in  fate, 

a 

Chee'-rek    V' 

ee  in  feet, 

ee 

Cho'-lem      i  or  1, 

0  in  over, 

0 

Shoo'-rek    ^ 

00  in  fool. 

00 

Note.  —  The  horizontal  line  represents  the  consonant  to  which 
the  vowel  belongs ;  -  means,  therefore,  that  the  vowel  ,  stands 
beneath  the  consonant;  -  that  the  vowel  stands  over  the  consonant. 
Ch  should  be  pronounced  hard,  as  in  chasm, 

2.  The  vowels  are  mostly  pronounced  after 
the  consonant  under  which  they  stand,  e.g. 
2  =  ba ;  *^2  =  ba :  !a  =  ma  ;  "^3  =  kee. 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.       15 

When  cJiolem  [defectively  written  1)  follows  a 
consonant  it  is  placed  over  it,  e.g.  2  =  bo; 
S^  =  po ;  n's  =  dor. 

Cholem  (/^^%  written  S)  and  Shoorek  1,  stand 
in  the  line  with  the  other  consonants,  e.g.  Dip  = 
A;om;  n^p=:A;oom. 

EXERCISE  ni. 

Pronounce,  and  write  in  English  letters  the 
following  Hebrew  syllables. 

[As  alef  and  ayin  have  no  sound,  they  may,  for  the  sake  of  con- 
venience, be  represented  by  a  dash  (thus  DX  may  be  written  -am; 
&<2^  =  matsa-;  sib5  =  -asoo;  b^*^  =  ma-al,  etc.),  or  they  may  be 
left  unexpressed.] 

^5,  ■'S,  'IB,  ■'T,  IT,  s,  15,  ■>?.,  in,  ^Ti,  n,  b,  a 
^n,  h,  ">-!,  3,o,  a,  13,  ia,  a,  ■^a,  ■'O,  i,  ■•a,  i'p, 
^£,  n,  ^n,  in,  %  i\  "h,  x,  n,  ^a,  ip,  12,  y,  ■'■j, 
3,  is,  ip,  ^?.,  -,  ^ffl,  i3,  3,  ^?,  ID,  o,  ^3,  v.,  ^?, 
T,  ^n,  a,  ro,  -o,  ■'■o,  \3, 13,  7,  i,  ii,  ix,  ^0,  ^V., 
^i,in,^V,  la,  ^E,ri.,  ^,  ia,  i,  ^p,  in,  ^^  i\  ^2, 
13,  b,  3,  ii,  i3,  1!:,  in,  3,  ■'P.,  S  -1,  iy,  y,  ■>?,  ii, 
iV,  ■-,  ^3,  n,  ia,  o,  1!?,  ^!j.,  1,  a,  i3,  ^5,  ^b,  p, 
'T,  ^B,  %v,  N,  T,  v.,  ^i,  in,  ^n,  ^n,  ^1,  \  ip,  ^3, 
b,  v.-  in,  B,  ia,  ti,  s<,  n  i%  10,  ^-1,  ia,  to,  n, 
.15, 13,  n,  ^2,  'V, !?,  i3,  n,  1-),  7, 3,  ^a, 


16  GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

EXERCISE  IV. 

Pronounce  and  write  in  English  letters  the 
following  Hebrew  words. 

Vs,  nri.,  nti,  nin,  c^^,  d'^,  n^,  nip,  fip^,:^^, 
^n,  b'^?,  DID,  Di,  113,  Yi\  n\  nin,  t23\>^,  nis^.,  "jb, 

T5,  Y^i^^  ^n^  '^^'  ^'%  ^v  '^^-^  ^'l'  -'^'^'  ^^P'  ^??' 
D^,,  -ii\  mb,  n^?.,  ^3,  ]5,  1^^,  t'D,  i^p,  iri,  nin, 

w,  ^1T,  ni'i,  n:?,  t?,  nn,  nn,  i^wx,  V^s,  di3, 
nicv,  ^n,  ^in,  y^n,  ^j'i,  qn,  w,  y'lp^  i^^  "^'^^ 

Tto,  73,  ^2,  T3,  q^D,  r^,  nrj,  T5,  ni\D,  □'^^o?, 
nn.,  -liw^,  nin,  d^^d,  ^j'^d,  td,  ^*V,  ^b,  d*^?,  ^^i^., 
Y^t3,  2v,  b^s,  Yi*N,  15,  TT,  ni3,  p'^n,  nn,  d:^^, 
^in,  D'^p,  Yp,  ^?.,  t:,ri,  nis,  :ii'M,  J^-'t,  ni:a,  :;i,  Y^p, 
Gin,  pn,  Y^.,  "?\  =ii\  ^'is:,  p'^n,  ^ir:,  qi,  i::i^, 
.niD,  nn,  "j^n.  Tip,  is,  ts,  qiD,  5:,b,  rb,  Tj, 

EXERCISE   V. 

Pronounce  the  following  Hebrew  words. 

phto ,  n^^js ,   pbs ,    i^n ,  b^as? ,    irii2 ,   Vmtri , 
Dni\  "i!?i3,  Vs;,  n'^^-^.,  .vm,  ini?,  y?.i")>  n^^^in, 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.       17 

fi^n^,  -)^2L>^,  b^B^^,  CO/?,  p?3,  ]"9?.,  lin"^? ,  Tr-h  ^fh 
im,  0^7. ,  nni;?,  |i^D,  iin^D,  •j'^'id,  noin,  3Dn, 
THS,  ■i'^3\  T^nn,  DS/n,  li^n,  c^n'^ri,,  toVt:^^, 

\ii,  nsi,  ]^?\  p^53n,  ci^b,  "i^ta,  nntii^,  ^d^s, 
11?.'  p:*^,  qro,  1153,  \rii3.,  ]7i5,  n^n;^,  iniD,  n^t};, 
]Dp,  i7to,  -inD,  mi2,  by^,,  p3i\  -[iiiib,  in/?, 
yjb,  Vop,  -dn/"^.,  n^pi\  "jb;,  D'n^^,  p?2,  pn^^, 
Vb^^,  li!;3?,  ^123^^,  nd^\  nVn,  n^'j^\  t'i"i%  c^ir, 

•         T  '       t't  •         T  T    ••  ••      T  XT  ....  T      •• 

Note.  —  The  learner  will  practice  upon  each  of  these  Exercises 
until  each  word  can  be  pronounced  at  sight. 

EXERCISE   VI. 

Write  in  Hebrew  characters  the  following 
syllables  and  words,  taking  care  to  write  from 
right  to  left. 

Ba,  da,  ^ee,  so,  la,  mee,  noo,  ga,  shoo,  M,  bee, 
cho,  hoo,  tha,  lo,  see,  no,  pa,  ^o,  yee,  zoo,  ma, 
tsa,  ya,  ho,  fa,  va,  chee,  ta,  lee,  koo,  ro,  ^a,  go,  ya, 
sha,  dee,  ha,  yo,  na,  moo,  la,  yoo,  kee,  tso,  fee, 
z'a,  vee,  loo,  ko,  sa,  no,  roo,  ko,  sha,  cha,  tee,  ^a, 
sho,  ban,  bon,  loon,  dag,  kol,  dan,  bath,  vav, 
tseets,  shoom,  geesh,  yaz,  cheel,  man,  keer,  gol, 
chath,  tsoor,  zak,  yam,  mots,  meets,  ^ath,  yoi^A, 


18       GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

dar,  nats,  loog,  pool,  bal,  bos,  seen,  Mts,  lool, 
dath,  chak,  hon,  raA^,  reev^  poth,  book,  laz, 
cheesh,  bor,  ^oo^;,  choA:,  lEv,  dar,  moo^,  seer, 
sok,  tal,  yath,  A^am,  moosh,  yool,  :?of,  yaz,  ^iav, 
^^on,  &^oo^^,  mam,  noon,  Nach,  ^iam,  rash,  :?o^A, 
sheen,  3?ar,  roor,  tar,  do^,  han,  pook,  gan,  been, 
shoo^,  booz,  ^ool,  pats,  neef,  yom. 


EXERCISE   VII. 

Write  in  Hebrew  characters  the  following 
words. 

Kathooi;,  tashai;,  banoo,  yachal,  taree^A, 
tafook,  nakoom,  harats,  yashai;,  shaleem, 
bohoo,  k'^tol,  cha^Aash,  maleets,  neesan,  tohoo, 
barak,  shalom,  yalak,  A^oloth,  yaytoom,  A^omah, 
reeshon,  ra/^eem,  basar,  yothar,  hafeei;,  holee^A, 
yameem,  yonaZ?,  yaMr,  kaleel,  naml,  nosas, 
haneef,  zathan,  zakoor,  sheeranoo,  taZ^eemoo, 
marachoA:,  holee^Ao,  ra^Mfoo,  yonaA:eem,  oom- 
noth,  yaA^eemoo,  tofafoth,  yozam^A,  koka'?;eem, 
hararee,  yoyaree?;,  yochanan,  bamotha,  saree- 
geem,  sookathee,  sheerathanoo,  tosheemnee. 

3.  When  &«  is  unprovided  with  a  vowxl  sign, 
and  follows  any  long  vowel,  it  merely  serves  to 
prolong  the  sound  of  such  vowel :  e.g.  ^^■}3  = 
bara ;  NSn  =  tatsa ;  &^^s  =  bo ;  ^^ip^  =  A^aree ; 
ix-l*c:D  =  nasoo. 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.      I9 

n  may  serve  the  same  pmpose,  when  it 
stands  at  the  end  of  a  word^  after  _ ,  _. ,  1 
[or  _  §  2.  IL],  e.g.  n^S  =  gala,  n^,^  =  gala,  nb^ 
=  galo. 

We  have  already  seen  that  \  having  no 
vowel  of  its  own,  after  ^  or  _  siinply  serves  to 
make  the  prolonged  sound  of  the  vowel  Tsara 
or  Cheerek;  and  that  1,  with  no  vowel  under 
it,  or  immediately  preceding  it,  loses  its  con- 
sonantal power  entirely,  and  becomes  a  mere 
holder  of  the  vowel  L .  These  letters  therefore 
quiesce  or  rest  in  the  following  vowels : 

j«  in  any  vowel; 

n  in  _.,  ».,  __,  _; 

1  in  "1  or  i ; 

^  in  \^  or  \  (or  V.  §  2.  IL  Obs.  3). 

4.  But  when  either  of  these  letters  is  pro- 
vided with  a  vowel  sign,  it  must  be  regarded 
as  a  consonant;  e.g.  in  niDwX,  ^5,  as  it  has  a 
vowel  under  it,  must  be  a  consonant;  so  in  "jn, 
n  must  be  a  consonant;  so  in  nil,  1^.;;,  1';2, 
the  Vav  and  YotliQ  are  consonants,     (cf.  §  9, 1.) 

EXERCISE   VIII. 

Pronounce  the  following  w^ords ;  and  in  each 
case  state  whether  the  wV,  n,  1,  or  '^  is  quiescent 
or  not. 

&^^n,  Kin,  ns,  ^i,  hsd,  ^^sq,  ^h,  is'i^,  i^s,  nwNfn 


20       GUIDE  TO  HEADING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

^mb,  m'l,  ntip,  w>^'2D,  '^n^t,  n^i:n,  ^^,  tdNfi, 

^:)Ni\    wVn\    DwXYZ!,    &iri\    HwVS,  QwVp,  wVDwVD,  ri3?^&, 

T  ••t  T  .t      ..  ••  Ix  ••  •  T  - 

PNlT,  v^i:^  tDwNn,  nir!>^-i,  :iwV'm,  imn,  n\>(D,  n*-^,w>^s, 
nw>{:aL:,  w\'^n&^,  isin^,  -::'•:,  n^ss,  nis,  n^vs,  nfi^'ib, 

••      X  •         T  T  X    ••  X     ••  '       X  X 

ni?.,  riij],  vvnp,  nw\nn,  wN^2i/3,  wviiph,  ^n^^^s,  nsj!?^, 
nin,  p*^^,  pDi\  ^r,  n'v:,  v\>^\  i^^nwv,  nn,  n^n, 

T      X  '     ••    X  •      ••  XX  X  I'X  XX  XX  XX 

&iiD,  Nin\  nnp,  p'^^n,  "inw\\  nwsnp,  r^Lr^ii,  D\vn, 

••  x<  X  •        X  ••  x'x  X  X 

fi<i^D,  n^ir:,  wH'^nb,  J^ni\  Dwsb  wn,  in*3,  n^^';^:, 

XX  •▼▼  XXX  'x 

••t  ••  •  X  •    X 

5.  (a)  When  Cholem  (without  l)  follows  to,  or 
precedes  'j: ,  it  coincides  with  the  diacritical  point 
of  these  letters,  the  single  dot  serving  both  as 
the  vowel  o,  and  as  determining  the  sound  of 
© ,  so  that  d3  =  bosh,  for  toiD ;  nto  =  som, 
for  cto . 

(b)  If  Cholem  (defectively  written)  follows  ri , 
or  precedes  to,  it  is  written  over  the  opposite 
arm ;  so  that  I'd  =  shoth ;  rr^V  =  :?osa. 

EXERCISE   IX. 

Write  in  Hebrew  characters  the  following 
words  (o  in  every  instance  to  be  written 
defectively,  i.e.  with  the  simple  1 ). 

Chosan,    choshan,    yosha'y,    sholam,    chasof, 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.       21 

tafos,  shofa^,  sorok,  mosliak,  shores,  shorats, 
shalosh,  shokav,  A^osh^,  nosa^{,  noshai^,  sho3?al, 
3?osah,  :?oshar,  toshee^,  sokar,  yashom,  shomam, 
sonawV,  nashos,  sho3?ar,  soraf,  yashoA^,  shokan, 
noshaAj,  goshee,  soraA^,  moshamli,  koshal,  sokak, 
yoshana,  parosh,  shot^ee,  meeshor,  shokakah, 
doshash,  tasho^nah,  boshashoo,  yaAjoshtee. 

EXERCISE   X. 

Pronounce  and  write  in  English  characters 
the  following  words. 

Note.  —  When  not  preceded  by  a  vowel  T2J  =  osh ;  ia  =  os. 
When  W  has  no  vowel  under  it  to  =  so;  ttJ  =  sho,  except  at  the  end 
of  words,  when  it  is  os. 

D';i:,  Tdi,  wn;^,,  y6,  tiip\  %^,  "ym,  pnto,  "i^ti 
b'^n,  n';D3?,  ^f^,  "nti,  ^^D^  t^^,  hwi,  -isb',  m, 
m^,  *dns,  dnb,  tdnb,  bnn,  n';2:\  bb-:,  biiis, 
D^pv  m^,  n^b,  rbTd,  nbwx,  Db^,  ^(bn,  ^iiin, 
^b5,  ^t\  nnb,  nnb',  nb\  nnb,  |teb,  \3q3?, 
'd^b,  nrpb,  ]db,  tibi,  '^b::?,  bbp,  'ijipn,  Dwvb, 
r]-dn,  piri;;,  pti3,  tdT,  ci^n,  d'u:;,  Dqiri,  bniri, 
yds,  biTip,  niDiri,  r\m,  ^m,  ^m,  ^"zt^^,  Tip, 
Sit\,  ndn,  piri;^,  nziD,  to:?, 

WoTE.  —  The  student  should  not  go  on  to  the  following  Exercises 
until  he  has  perfectly  mastered  the  principles  already  presented. 
Thoroughness  cannot  be  too  often  or  too  strongly  insisted  upon. 


22       GUIDE  TO  BEADING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

11.  The  short  vowels  are : 


Sounded  as  Eepresented  by 


Pat'-tach 

a  in  dash, 

a 

Seg'-ol                     - 

e  in  met, 

e 

Chee'-rek                .. 

i  in  pin, 

i 

Ka'-mets  Cha-toof .. 

0  in  hot. 

0 

Kib'-boots 

ii  in  full. 

u 

Rem.  1.  Cheerek,  -,  and  Kibboots,  -,  in  open  (§  4.  2)  or  in 
accented  syllables  are,  however,  long. 

Rem.  2.  Kamets  (broad  a)  and  Kamets  Chatoof  (short  o)  have 
the  same  form ;  the  rule  for  distinguishing  the  one  from  the  other 
will  be  given  further  on  (§  8). 

Rem.  3.  Segol  sometimes  quiesces  in  'i,  and  hence  assumes  the 
form  '^. 

Rem.  4.  Pattach  and  Segol  at  the  end  of  words  quiesce  with  H; 
e.g.  rra  =  ma ;  iiia  =  se. 

EXERCISE   XI. 

Pronounce  and  write  in  English  characters 
the  following  syllables. 

Note.  —  In  this  Exercise  -  is  short  o. 

Dn,  ]£,  '^,  B5,  q;,  H  2n,  h\,  h%,  15,  'in,  nn 
ht,  CN,  hv,  |3,  >^,  qx,  yi,  '^x,  ns,  n?,  c:,  t3, 
Vs,  t\,  p:,  in,  -ip,,  en,  -T,  a,-;,  jn,  pn,  h'o,  -iS, 
n3,  on,  3?,  Dx,  qb,  np.,  sp,  cp,  Vj,  ap_;  ^3, 
3n,  pn,  p^  |3,  D3,  riN,  pn,  a?,  q^  3n,  iV,  i?, 
no,  12,  y-i.,  m,  ^a,  n\  ya,  -?,  ■i3_,  tda,  ^i, 
oa,  35,  31,  i^,  Y3,  3p,  qr,  ^,  on,  12,  yn-  ="*> 


GUIDE  f  0  HEADING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.      23 

np_,  Dn,  po,  qb,  titi,  np,  i^.,  ^t,  3ti,  ^,  i^. 
n^  q^  ^n,  pwv,  p.,  nib.,  !:p_,  p:,  on,  n;!:,  pq 
>x,  ^^_,  :\3,  DD,  n^.,  n53,  ^n,  ^^.,  n?,  ^5,  T,  ip 
n?,  2x6,  in,  -op,,  1^  n-^.,  bi2,  pn,  ;^3,  n.s,  no 
I'o,  tn,  pn,  np,  ^s,  V^.,  nn,  2V,  :j>?.,  ^i?.,  en 
nn,  Y^.,b\,  in,^D,nti,-j:s,rii5,^5,  ",  ^n,  op 

.ns,  ]t?,  pn,  1?,  3n,  n^ 

EXERCISE   XII. 

Pronounce  and  write  in  English  characters 
the  following  words. 

Note.  —  In  this  Exercise  the  student  will  pay  no  attention  to 
this  mark,  - ;  but  write  and  pronounce  the  word  as  if  it  were  absent 
altogether  ;  e.g.  nsb^a  =  malkah.     -  herein  is  not  short  o. 

3?^_2,  Y>'5»  c?i),  mp.,  DT,  ii::^p,  HM,  inisj 
n5"j:t),  i2S_p^,  DwN^D,  n?^,  :pd^  iii-j?^,  ^bdwv,  ^tD,3?, 
■^pnr,  DEpn,  ^b}n,  'inb,  npb,  rr^wN^,,  HwVT,  Vldp*;, 
npm,  Y^n,  -)pn^  D^nri,r|t3p,  tdnb' ,  rT^-ins? ,  it?;, 
q?s?,  in^,  bV^w>5^,  "n^"!?,  ^^5,  DwVd,  'r|^;n,  npt, 
np3i\  i^n^  qi^^n,  np_S  HwVT,  np\  niii\  ■^2ri\ 
ib'^Vr^n,  i^_V,!),  ^03,  Q^n^.?5,  m-j:?,  !:t3n?,  Vobtp, 
tobs^.,  nnds,  12:5,  'd3?-)S,  ii2.\  nrnp,  ^sb?, 
itDipiT,  rihp^^,  bxop'q,  ni-)??.,  is-is,  bip^  l?.bns, 


24  GUIDE  Tt)  EEADING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

nNr.n^_,  r\ir\i2,  nspb,  ^j'pm,  ^Vv?n,  riiDVGt]^,  bp_bp, 
-)jj;n,  -ji-j^t],  ji^Qix,  pni,  n'^-ip,  dm'm,  nn^nsp 
dd5,  "i?.-i?,  ^D^D,  ns;;,  n-i3u:p,  nn-j,  zr^'^, 
DD-13,  -i?n?nn,  -^"DOri,  Dnb,  ^jp!:^,  ]3n;,  nnpip 

nri\D\,  ^3S^t]2,  i:pt3p^,  pnnn,  n-^by,  i-)?D,  rpV^ 

EXERCISE   XIII. 

Write  •  in  Hebrew  characters  the  following 
syllables  and  words. 

Dag,  min,  gath,  pen,  kaf,  pach,  dam,  chok, 
shath,  kol,  gan,  ya^A,  ziv,  bin,  ken  bun,  del, 
zum,  di^;,  dun,  him,  hul,  sal,  dath,  har,  gel,  yiz, 
yish,  path,  yesh,  nir,  ^e\,  fi^ak,  i^im,  &^ish,  ::'Im, 
3?am,  3?un,  3?il,  Tav,  tsin,  rats,  she^;,  gesh,  ri^, 
ne-fesh,  me-lek,  ga^Ml,  M^al,  A^o^Aesh,  lahem, 
bakem,  re-gel,  morag,  chaleZ?,  de-rek,  tafen, 
tsimda,  koi^no,  shooshan,  shakav,  shomrah, 
tiA^^ol,  tamak,  toA^^al,  ke-let?,  dalyoo,  botsrah, 
hushkav,  muA^rach,  tachmo^A,  mikneh,  yigleh, 
yayin,  parash,  mosheh,  yavan,  me-lach,  le-chem, 
natsal,  choshek,  mukdash,  sifra,  malkee,  ym- 
tan,  gu^Alo,  chet?ron,  rishpa,  nistar,  nafshee, 
birkath,  chufshee,  baten,  kilyoth,  yirbeh,  bil- 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.       25 

v^v,  tachteka,  i^elytoshee,  mazlag,  mishmeretli, 
mishpachto,  horMitem,  shimshon,  yisclia^,  shik- 
mee,  honchal,  kurbal,  haftsar,  chofzee,  polpal, 
biltee,  i^ethkem,  wXosifka,  slioi;ranee,  siksakta, 
hothdaslinah,  timsliolnah,  hithrachatstee,  tith- 
chalchal,  tithmogagnali. 

§  3.    THE   SH'YA. 

1.  Every  consonant  which  —  standing  at  the 
beginning  or  in  the  middle  of  a  word  —  has  no 
vowel,  and  is  not  a  quiescent  letter  (§  2,  3),  is 
provided  with  a  sign  to  indicate  the  absence  of 
a  vowel. 

2.  A  consonant  at  the  end  of  a  word  does 
not  take  this  sign,  unless  it  be  preceded  by 
another  vowelless  letter. 

Exc.  Final  Kaph  ("|),  however,  when  it  has  no  vowel,  always 
takes  the  sign. 

3.  This  sign  has  the  form  of  our  colon,  _, 
and  is  placed  under  a  letter,  thus  ?,  and  is 
called  simple  Sh^va, 

4.  Simple  ShVa  may  be  either  vocal  or  silent 

(a)  It  is  always  vocal  under  the  first  letter  of 
a  word;  e.g.  b'M2P  =  tfmol. 

(b)  It  is  always  silent  under  the  last  letter 
of  a  word ;  e.g.  DJ^  =  mt 

(c)  Both  sKvas  under  the  two  final  letters  of 
a  word  are  silent ;  e.g.  nj^t^p  =  A^a^alt. 


26       GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

(d)  In  the  middle  of  a  word  it  is  sometimes 
vocal,  sometimes  silent. 

(1.)  If  preceded  by  an  unaccented  short 
vowel  it  is  silent, 

(2.)  It  is,  however,  vocal  if  preceded  by 

(a)  an  unaccented  long  vowel ; 

(b)  another  shVa ; 

(c)  Dagesh  Forte  (§  5,  2,  3) ; 

(d)  Metheg  (§  7,  3) ; 

(e)  *Vav  conversive,  i; 
(/)  the  ^Article,  n ;  or, 

(g)  if  it   stands   between    two    similar 
letters, 

Note.  — *  These  occur  only  at  the  beginning  of  words  ;  e.g.  ^'n'^'\ 
is  to  be  read  vS-y'-hee,  not  vay-hee ;  TiD";?!  =z  ha-y'-so<A,  not 
hay-so^^. 

{e)  If  two  Sh\^as  occur  in  the  middle  of  a 
word,  the  first  is  silent,  the  second  is  sounded. 

5.  The  sound  of  vocal  ShVa  is  that  of  the 
very  short  e  in  mystery^  or  in  catechism.  Fix 
the  lips  to  pronounce  a  consonant,  e.g.  b,  p, 
or  t,  open  the  mouth,  gently  exhale  the  breath, 
and  the  sound  of  ShH^a  is  produced.  It  is,  in 
fact,  just  enough  of  a  sound  to  get  a  letter  out 
of  the  mouth.  Plane,  in  Hebrew,  would  be 
written  "j^S ;  kree  =  ^^^^ ;  bloom  =  D'l^^ . 

Rem.  1.  VoccU  Sh'va  in  the  exercises  is  represented  thus  (') ;  e.g. 
^3  =  B'ka.  Silent  Sh'va  (the  mere  syllable  divider)  is  not  designated 
in  the  exercises;  e.g.  yimlok  must  be  written  t^'^^t'  ^^^?  would 
be  expressed  by  niktav. 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.      27 

Rem.  2.  It  may  simplify  the  matter  of  determining  vocal  from 
silent  Sh'va  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  to  remember  that  after  an  un- 
accented short  vowel,  or  an  accented  long  one,  Sh'va  is  generally 
silent ;  in  other  cases  it  is  almost  always  vocal. 

Rem.  3.  An  aspirate  (§  5, 1)  without  Dagesh  Lene  (§  5, 1)  shows 
that  the  preceding  Sh'va  is  vocal. 

6.  The  compound  ShVas  (which  are  chiefly 
used  with  the  guttural  letters,  viz.  wvnns?)  are : 

Cha'-tef  Pattach,  _. ,  very  short  a,  as  in  Germany, 
Cha'-tef  Seg'-ol,  -,  very  short  e,  as  in  imbecile, 
Cha-tef  Ka'-mets,».,  very  short  6,  as  in  ivory. 

These  compound  Sh'vas  are  always  vocal ;  and 
will  be  represented  in  the  exercises  by  a  small 
a,  6,  or  0  written  above  the  line ;  e.g.,  ns^*^n  = 
ch^eefah ;  '^nn^  =  boch^ree  ;  pTri.^.  =  yech^zak. 

EXERCISE  XIV. 

Write  in  Hebrew  characters  the  following 
words,  taking  care  to  put  in  the  silent  as  well 
as  the  vocal  ShVas. 

B'na,  b'yai^A,  ryom,rmeeno,rka,k^shor,m'leets, 
s'kan,  ri;oosh,  d'mr,  Tehee,  y'foth,  z^man,  vlo, 
g'^Aol,  v^gam,  N^mor,  loch^lee,  s'neh,  ^jHhen,  teis'^- 
laf,  h^yah,  s^^niats,  mi^Ayan,  yitschaA^,  shor'reem, 
hal'loo,  lom'theem,  birchathee,  daltha,  zilpah, 
bilhah,  himleek,  shulchan,  hay'wVor,  la5?^mo^A, 
ch^om,  shalachtee,  Zja^alt,  nard,  yisrafi^al,  nim- 
r'tsoo,  y'hovah,  shomrah,  N*^choz,  ^^enoAJ,  n'tsor, 
barakt,  yard,  rai;t,  hin'noo,  vayVarek,  biltee, 


28       GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

narkah,  yaPkee,  Vsov^vee,  :?amorali,  vay'thav, 
k'tlia2;teev,  ya?;k,  merchaZ?,  molkee,  muA^tar, 
siksakt,  yaft,  li4i^Arosh,  t^ethom,  ch^nok,  chHh'd- 
slieem,  rom'moo,  m'sho^'feem,  sho^^^oo,  sartem, 
yir'wsoo,  jikr^voo,  tashA^,  v'hitliA;a]^alt  y'hish- 
tach^veetha. 

EXERCISE   XV. 

Pronounce  the  following  words ;  also  state 
which  of  the  Sh'vas  occurring  in  each  word  are 
vocal,    and  which  silent ;  and  for  what  reasons. 

^3dio,  ^in,  ipfi?,  r^2,  ^^jr,  n^j?,  ty^,  >'i5,  ^r;^ 

nntDips,  c^-)t]j,  "'^?."r.i^^  '^?^'  ^^np/t^^.n^  ^kv^..^ 

nwN^nwVi,  wVT,  '^nn'i,  nVop;,  ^tHuX,  "i^nnn,  ninnNi, 
rn;,  nd*;,  ^-V.^  nb'^M,  n^nnis,  tpdp,  nDn-]i, 

'^pN;^,  n-)?,   T5p,  n;;nV,   ninn,  nbwsin:!:,  nV^, 
wsd^n,  ni^nt],  5rn-):a,  ^^'jp%  '^iddd,  ^rd\  ^dhdwX, 

n\Vt;rt]ri,  boston  ,:n";2:?;V,  nn^^.i,  Vmh,  ^■n*;,  ^7^:, 
VPV-y  '^^n,  \]^_,  '^Da,  np-isnn,  na>N:,  nin^,  t^.ws, 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.      29 

Dn^pwV,  iisn*;,  wsrd,  noin,  'cb;ri3,  nwxn'i,  '^ipb^,, 
CjOws;,,  )b^}h  ^^^.^.5^  ™bi,  ninnd':,  VdwV, '^pri, 

§4.    SYLLABLES. 

1.  Every  syllable,  and  therefore  every  word, 
must  begin  with  a  consonant  The  conjunction 
»)  1=  a7i6?,  prefixed  to  words,  whose  first  letter  is 
vowelless,  or  is  a  labial,  n,  t),  or  D,  is  the  sole 
exception  to  this  rule  ;  e.g.  T^p^ ,  Vdd^  . 

2.  Ope7i  syllables  are  those  which  end  in  a 
vowel  sound ;  e.g.  "^Dij  =  a-nee. 

3.  Closed  or  shut  syllables  are  those  which 
e7id  in  a  consonant ;  DjP . 

4.  Long  vowels  stand  regularly  in  open  sylla- 
bles;  ^DD^oilD. 

5.  Short  vowels  stand  regularly  in  shut  sylla- 
bles; cnpn. 

6.  An  accent  (§  7,  3-§  10)  may  reverse  rules 
4  and  5,  and  allow  a  fo/i^'  vowel  to  stand  in  a 
sA?/^  syllable,  or  a  sAor^  vowel  in  an  open  one ; 
e.g.  1w\n''  =  yi-r'oo,  nd^b  =  la-msh-ta. 

7.  In  reading  Hebrew,  Vocal  ShVa  may  be 
regarded  as  forming  a  sort  of  open  syllable. 
nb'Jp  =  M/'-la. 

T    ;'IT 

8.  No  syllable  can  contain  more  than  a  sin- 


30       GUIDE  TO  BEADING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

gle  vowel.     Two  concurring  vowels,  as,  e.g.  in 
our  word  ''  lion,"  never  occur.     See  Eule  1. 


EXERCISE   XVI. 

Divide  each  word  in  Exercises  V.,  X.,  XIL, 
and  XV.  into  its  component  syllables ;  give  the 
reason  why  each  syllable  is  open  or  closed;  and 
also  whether  the  syllable  has  its  proper  vowel, 
together  with  the  reason  for  it. 

§5.    DAGESH. 

1.  The  dot  in  n,  E,  S,  %  5,  2  is  called  the 
Dagesh  Lene,  and  serves  to  give  to  these 
letters,  called  aspirates  their  hard  sound,  e.g. 
D  =  ph,  or  f,  while  E  =  p  ;  n  =  th,  while  n  =  t. 

2.  A  Dagesh  Forte  is  a  simple  dot  which 
may  be  placed  in  the  bosom  of  any  letter, 
except  the  gutturals,  viz.  wS,  Ji,  n,  3?,  and  some- 
times "). 

3.  Its  effect  is  to  double  the  letter  in  which 
it  stands ;  e.g.  Vipp.  =  M^^al,  d^n  =  hug-gash. 
Kab-ba^A  must  be  written  ^55,  not  1M?. 

4.  It  is  never  found  in  a  vowelless  final  letter 
of  a  word,  except  in  riw>?  and  nn3. 

5.  It  is  very  rarely  found  in  the  first  letter 
of  a  word. 

6.  When  it  occurs  in  an  aspirate,  n,  S,  i,  X  5, 3, 
it  not  only  doubles  it,  but  also  gives  it  the  hard 


GUIDE  TO  BEADING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.       31 

sound ;  hence  it  is  both  forte  and  lene;  e.g.  1?.'^, 
the  dot  in  ^  is,  of  course,  lene,  but  the  dot  in  n 
makes  the  letter  b,  and  also  doubles  it,  so  that 
the  word  is  pronounced  dab-bar. 

7.  The  Dagesh  in  an  aspirate  can  easily  be 
determined.  If  a  vowel  sound  precede  it,  it 
must  be  Dagesh  Forte ;  if  a  silent  Sh'va  precede, 
it  is  Dagesh  Lene ;  e.g.  igD ,  the  Dagesh  in  D 
must  be  forte.  In  ^S,  nriS;^  and  nVop^  the  Da- 
gesh is  lene, 

8.  Double  Vav  (i)  has  the  same  form  as 
Shoo-rek  (^).  When  the  preceding  letter  has 
a  vowel,  T  =  double  v ;  otherwise  it  is  oo ;  e.g. 
nip;  =  Mv-vam ;  but  Dip  =  A^oom. 

9.  In  regard  to  syllabication,  the  letter  in 
which  Dagesh  Forte  stands,  closes  one  syllable, 
and  also  begins  another. 

EXERCISE  XVII. 

Write  in  Hebrew  characters  the  following 
words. 

Eabbeem,  kallah,  nittach,  nuggash,  kuUee, 
yittan,  yiA^sh'rennee,  botteem,  kavvan,  koUoo, 
tsivvah,  Myyam,  mall'koo,  milla,  g'malleem, 
t'fillah,  subb'ko,  mishsh'tha,  y'shaddam,  koUah, 
hithpalla^,  M^ttWn^  himmala^,  shammah,  tig- 
g'shee,  rthittee,  hinnennee,  hasseh,  tittammam, 
vatt'fair^amo,  kossoo,  nittattem,  y'koonnennoo, 
yadd'Mnnah,  hmnabbeetha,  vattissabbee. 


32  GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

EXERCISE   XVIII. 

Divide  each  word  into  its  component  sylla- 
bles. If  Sli'va  occurs,  state  why  it  is  vocal 
or  silent.  In  the  aspirates,  state  whether 
Dagesh  is  lene  or  forte.  And  when  they  have 
no  Dagesh,  give  reason  for  its  omission. 

^nHn,  '^izyi,  npB'M,  "lEDt;,  I'Vn,  mp^,  n^n,  i£fi< 

r\tyn,  iT";i,  Q^lils,  c-^^.'i-jj^,  csrn,  ^^^^^,,  ^^.'^^^^ 

nVd,  nVs,  n?~,  Qpnnn,  n^i.::?,  \tn,  i^.^,?,  '^t:^^, 

r^^bn,  ^Vp.'^i,  p^*^:??,  -nfij.,  /wN5;i>x,  n^^nn,  -nwv, 
'^j-^/D;,,  idlj'^i,  'its,  ^31>si.,  HupD^^n,  nTn,  &i:2:;n, 
^^"1:12:?,  137':p,  ^7.?^.^  inrd,  r^m,  in^wv,  nr?*;-, 
^^Buin,  n^>v,  rrdn,  pp^D,  jV>v,  y?jj>Ni.,  ^"^D3^n^, 
nrip^wv,  tdnn,  i2in,  id^.V^^l  ^£rii,  nDDn^j,  cnni, 
D25n,  ^\SDn,  n--nni,  nsn,  "P/t^'^n,  :\'^t3wH,  ^?.rc';i, 

§  6.     PATTACH  FURTIVE. 

1.  When  Pattach  is  written  under  either  of 
the  gutturals  M ,  n ,  or  :? ,  standing  at  the  end 
of  a  word,    it   is  called  furtive,    and   is   pro- 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.       33 

nounced  before  the  guttural,  instead  of  after  it ; 
e.g.  ni")  =  rooach,  not  rooclia. 

2.  If  a  final  vowelless  letter  follow  the  gut- 
tural pointed  with  Pattach,  the  Pattach  in  this 
case  is  also  furtive,  e.g.  ^r^^]  =  yiachd,  not  yi- 
chad.  Forms  of  this  sort  are,  however,  com- 
paratively rare. 

{a)  In  order  to  pronounce  the  furtive  Pat- 
tach, lay  the  stress  of  voice  on  the  vowel 
preceding  the  guttural,  and  just  touch  the 
Pattach ;  somewhat  as  a  in  the  English  words 
trial,  vial,  etc. 

[b)  *' Analogous  to  this  Pattach  is  our  use  of 
a  furtive  Q  before  r,  after  long  e,  T,  u  ;  e.g.  here 
(sounded  he^r  ),  fire  (fi^r),  pure  (puer)." 

3.  Pattach  Furtive  never  forms  an  additional 
syllable;  e.g.  in  nil,  the  syllable  is  closed,  and 
the  Pattach  is  simply  w^edged  in  between  the 
•^  and  the  n. 

EXERCISE    XIX. 

Examples  for  pronunciation. 

?inT,  nn;,  n^n,   tt'-q,  rihn^,   niptp,  i^n,  nb 
n'^5,  ^'in,  ?2?;d,  n:,  n^D,  n'^D53,  ?is,  n'^rin,  nsTp, 

T\ph:^,  v^hdh^,  ?23n,  nns>N|,  m^Dw^,  n"bp,  r2ri, 


34      GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

§  7.   MAPPIK,  MAKKEF,  AN6  METHEG. 

1.  Mappik  is  a  dot  in  a  final  n ,  and  serves 
to  show  that  it  is  a  consonant,  and  not  a  mere 
quiescent  letter.  Thus,  in  n^:,  n  is  a  conso- 
nant, and  closes  the  syllable.  In  n53,  n  is  a 
quiescent,  and  merely  prolongs  the  sound  of 
Kamets,  while  the  syllable  is  open, 

(a)  Mappik  cannot  be  confounded  with  Ca- 
ge sh  Forte,  as  the  latter  never  occurs  in  gut- 
turals or  final  letters.     * 

2.  Makkef  is  a  short  horizontal  bar  (or  hy- 
phen) between  two  or  more  words ;  e.g.  '(^"''n';^ , 

(a)  "WTien  words  are  so  connected,  only  the 
last  word  has  an  accent,  and  the  vowel  in  the 
final  syllable  of  the  words  preceding  the  Mak- 
kef is  generally  short, 

3.  Metheg  is  a  small  perpendicular  line  (,) 
placed  on  the  left  of  the  vowel  which  stands  in 
the  second  syllable  before  the  tone. 

(a)  Its  usual  position  is  by  the  vowel  of  the 
antepenult  It  can  never  occur  in  the  tilt  or 
penult;  e.g.  ^^Oj?^,  Tb??^^ 

(b)  Its  force  is  that  of  a  secondary  accent, 
analogous  to  that  on  the  first  syllable  of  our 
words,  undertake,  animdtion, 

[c]  Polysyllabic  words  sometimes  have  two 
or  more  Methegs  ;  e.g.  ^in^liD'^b . 

[d]  A  vowel  with  Metheg  is  usually  long. 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.      35 

§8.    KAMETS  AND  KAMETS-CHATOOF. 

The  surest  guide  for  distinguishing  between 
long  a  and  short  o  (both  represented  by  one 
sign,  viz.  „)  is  the  grammatical  derivation  of  a 
word. 

For  the  beginner,  the  following  rules  will 
serve  as  a  guide. 

1.  The  sign  _  is  short  o  in  a  closed  unaccented 
syllable. 

2.  The  sign  _.  is  short  o  in  an  open  syllable 
only  when  followed  by  Kamets-Chatoof  or  by 
Chatef-Kamets. 

3.  Or,  to  express  the  rules  in  a  different 
way,  the  sign  -  is  short  o  when  followed  by, 

(1)  Dagesh  Forte  :       '^Di  =  ronnee  ; 

(2)  Makkef:  -!?D  =  kol ; 

(3)  Kamets-Chatoof:  '^i:Q:?n  =  ho3?omi{Aee : 

(4)  Chatef-Kamets :     ^nn2  =  boch^'ree ; 

^     '  •  t:it  ' 

(5)  ShVa,  without  an  intervening  Metheg : 

nn^d  =  shomrah ;  or, 

(6)  When  it  stands  in  a  closed  final  sylla- 

ble, with  the  accent  on  the  penult: 
DjP*1  =  vayyaZ^om. 

Rem.  1.  Case  (5)  is  the  only  one  which  causes  any  perplexity. 
It  is  necessary  to  determine  whether  the  syllable  in  which  —  stands 
is  open  or  closed ;  to  discover  this  we  must  know  whether  the  ShVa 
is  vocal  or  silent.  To  tell  whether  the  Sh'va  is  vocal  or  silent 
(unless  it  is  followed  by  an  undageshed  aspirate,  §  5,  1)  we  must 
know  whether  the  preceding  vowel  is  long  or  short,  which  is  the 
very  point  in  question. 


36       GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

But  a  general  practical  rule  is  to  regard  the  —  when  followed 
by  —  without  an  intervening  Metheg  as  short  6 ;  e.g.  "^blpi^  =  k6t\ee, 
while  sibi:;?  =  ^-a/'loo. 

A  Dagesh  Forte  between  the  —  and  the  —  of  course  determines 
the  sound  as  short  6,  even  though  the  —  be  accompanied  by  Metheg ; 
e.g.  ?]»;?  :=  rozz'ka. 

Rem.  2.  Metheg  also  commonly  stands  by  the  Kamets-Chatoof 
when  it  is  followed  by  another  Kamets-Chatoof  or  by  Chatef-Kamets 
(Cases  3  and  4).  It  is  only  when  —  is  followed  by  —  that  the 
Metheg  is  of  use  to  determine  the  sound  as  a. 

4.  The  first  _  in  the  two  anomalous  words 
U^i^'lP  and  D'^dnD  is  short  o.    Pronounce  kotlm- 

•r'lT  •        T    It 

sheem,  shorasheem. 

5.  In  all  other  cases  besides  those  above 
mentioned,  „  is  long  a ;  viz.  in  open  syllables, 
whether  accented  or  not,  whether  they  have  a 
quiescent  letter  or  not,  and  in  accented  syllables 
whether  they  be  closed  or  followed  by  Dagesh 
Forte. 

EXERCISE   XX. 

Write  in  Hebrew  characters  the  following 
words. 

Note. —  Be  careful  to  insert  Metheg  and  silent  ShVa  in  their 
proper  places. 

ToA^^al,  botoeem,  vayya'rom,  bottakem,  sham, 
ronnoo,  h63?^ma^A,  lak,  gofreeth,  y'chonka,  chon- 
nanoo,  N'ozna,  halakta,  habbotteem,  kol-d'mr, 
kal,  koihkoth,  shalosh,  koshrah,  kash'rah,  yish- 
morkem,  yasho^,  p6:?olkem,  yoomath,  vayya- 
moth,  ^ioklah,  haggamal  kol-basar,  kov^lo, 
Z?o^oi;ka,  shofk'ka,  m'miiirak. 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.  37 

EXERCISE   XXL 

Pronounce  and  write  in  English  characters 
the  following  words.  Give  the  reason,  in  each 
case  why  the  sign  _  is  long  a  or  short  o. 

Note.  —  The  accent  is  on  the  last  syllable,  except  where  other- 
wise marked  by  ' . 

-pn,  ^53"^3,  ^^h'y,  n^b,  3d'i,  nd\  q^-^b 

••T  T  T  TjlT  *;■•■  ...       jT  •  .fr  •        •'  T 

^:d-i3,  'idF\  nsb^,  n^bt),  no,  ^n-jp,  w\252,  n"^!:^, 

;iT        't»:t  tit  ■•"ZiT  T  ';tMt  tt  ~:t 

nnn.^^,  ''^^^^n,  Did::?,  inss,  "^ri^,  d'^d'^,  n:iM,  \^n, 

•    t  T;   IT  .  ..     ,  T  T  ;       T  ;    -r  •  r;  "^    J    t  "»■  ▼  *     •«■ 

TJT  'rciT  •        •■»  tt:t  't:  /-r'jr  ▼T;'t.t 

^DDD'i,  ^pn^n,  n^3D%  ti-i.^,  npd:?,  npu::?,  .v:— )•:?% 

;iT»-  *      ;:t  •»■;▼:         'tx'         »t:     t  'rriT  t  t';- 

;tj  t^:':t  iT;-r  •'■•T  tt;|t  t  tt  t 

z\>i2:j?,  DiD^bs:^,  tj^'j:,  n^i^D,  "j^nowv,  'i'^ip'52,  ^bpa, 
-ii2:pt],  D-'-^Vm,  D-fi<^,  ^03,  "I'^ri,  "^^rnwy,  niDns, 

T  r;     f  •    X  r;lT  '^    ■•■     ?  ■»■  ~  t  *    r;  (t  ;  t  ' 

nnroin,  nn^n,  wsnd,  ijniws:,  DTd^  nnrn,  nnnn, 

t;;x  ■•■jx  jx  jt}  "''■I  XXX  ■»■•; 

^"3Dp  ,  iip^ip,  ^■P^'2^,  nnii:,  c^n,  n^3:pn,  n^^, 

•     .;'|T  't»    ;'t  ''xr:  TJT  >»x  ••;     x  it  XX 

q^'^'i,  nd3\  ti^*'^,  n^^bn,  nnns,  q^dDwS^^,  n'Ji^, 

'xx—  XX-  xT~  'tt;  rTliT  '.'ITIT  •':•' 

onini,  'HTd,  D3:d,  -p^5,  nistdn,  ^DDp ,  u^'2'^v>, 

X     T-  I   ..T  'x  X  X  ;  ."It  •  T:'|T  •.*  :      t'it 

•^DDp ,  ddV^'S,  n^uin,  ^n^nnwN,  nss^j,  '^nD\  nsh, 

•     x'lT  '.'      ;    T    r;  X  ~        X  '   ;      T  ;       •.'  t     ;It  •     xt  t  t 


38  GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

niVo,  nVpN,  DDHN,  n>sn,  iVa,  np^nn,  ns,  ^aii, 
xan,  ^n^^^,  np^^,  v^-n,  n^yoi,  ^^m,  i&tta,  ^pna, 

.nmna,  mha,  ■^3-^00% 

T    -r    r:  IT  T     :     T    T  '         /    T  T        ;  •  ' 


§  9.   YAY  AND  YOTHE  AS  CONSONANTS. 

1.  (a)  Whenever  Yav  is  preceded  by  any 
other  vowel  than  Shoorek,  Kibboots,  or  Cho- 
lem;  or  whenever  Tothe  is  preceded  by  any 
other  vowel  than  Cheerek,  Tsara,  or  Segol ;  or 

(b)  whenever   they  receive  Dagesh   Forte ;   or 

(c)  have  a  vowel  or  vocal  ShVa ;  or  (d)  stand 
at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  they  are  treated  as 
consonants,  viz.  v  or  y ;  thus  1_  =  av,  as  in  11; 
1«  =  av,  as  in  15  ;  1_.  =  av,  as  in  15 ;  1_  =  ev,  as 
in  iViD  ;  1-  =  IV,  as  in  ri ;  l*^-  (like  I.)  =  av,  as 
in  1*^33 ,  pronounced  banav. 

Thus  *^_  or  ^^_  =  al,*  as  in  aisle  (not  like  ai  in 
pail)^  "^yi  =  tsarai ;  *^'l  =  oy,  sounded  not  like 
oy  in  boy,  but  more  like  oee,  e.g.  ^^15  =  goee ; 
^1  =  ooy,  like  uoy  in  biioi/,  i.e.  ooee ;  e.g.  ^^b^  = 
galooee. 

As  the  forms  in  which  Tothe  takes  Dagesh 
Forte  cause  the  beginner  some  perplexity,  the 
pronunciation  of  some  of  these  forms  is  here 
given. 

*  Whenever    ai   occurs  in   this   section,   it  is   always   to  be  so 
pronounced. 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.       39 

'i^,,  =  eeyee,    e.g.    D'^^S  =  tsee-yeem. 

n^-  =  eeyah,  n^2  =  tsee-yah. 

V^  =  eeyo,  p^S  =  tsee-yon. 

n;i_.  =  eeyeh,  n^2  =  tsee-yeli. 

^'_  =  eeyoo,  "jl'^  =  tsee-yoon. 

^^-  =  aiyee,  D**n  =  chal-yeem. 

^^_  =  alyai,  ^Vl..=  chal-yal. 

n^_.  =  aiyah,  n^n  =  chal-yah. 

'^^___  =  alyo,  ni-n  =  chai-yoth. 

'i^.  =  ooyo,  rii'=^5b^  =  malkoo-yoth. 

2.  (a)  When  the  full  form  for  Cholem  (l)  has 
a  vowel  T^^tZer  it,  it  is  to  be  read  ov,  and  not 
simple  0 ;  e.g.  nib  =  lovah,  not  lo-ah. 

(b)  If  the  preceding  letter  has  a  vowel  or 
vocal  ShVa,  i  is  to  be  read  vo ;  e.g.  ]i^  =  5'avon, 
not  3?aon,  for  two  vowels  can  never  thus  concur. 

EXERCISE   XXII. 

Pronounce  the  following  words. 
State  whether  1  or  \  whenever  either  of  them 
occurs,  is  a  consonant  or  a  quiescent,  and  why? 

*)\v,  n\^,  n\x,  n\^,  ^\s^,  c^\v,  n^^nn^?,  V^ri^^^i 
vr^'io,  '^DiD,  n^n,  n^i,  vh:^,  n^V^i,  nispn,  ni\s\ 

T  ~  ~~  T~  TT  "I  '**~  * 

nbri,  n^n,  niV^i,  ts,  p^j,  n^i-:,  is,  rr^T?;,, 
•^Vi^-,  iro,  iD^i,  ^IDD,  ^Ij^,  niniDD,  n'^iD,  r^^t], 
n^^::?,  n^^sp,  n^^Dis,  niis,  '^iD-d,  n^p;:,  w,  2^";!^, 
^13?,  n^'S  ni^s,  mwN^^,  nr:^n,  n^,  m^::?,  li*:?, 


40       GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

rs,  ^bn,  rVn,  n?Ti,  ^^d,  ^-,  n-:'c:,  iVo,  i^ri, 
nin,  n_in,  '^'^d,  ^d'^wNi,  ^^s::,  '^i.x,  -^rr^,  n'^l,  ^in, 
•^v/::,  "^s?,  ^'^n,  "^an,  ^^2:,  \n,r::i^n,  ni'Dn,  c^|-3, 
■^Dn-,  TiVii^,  in^i,  m-^d,  1"^^%  r]i%  i^r>',  rb^D, 
fi<iiY.i,  I2:2p^'i,  ts?!!,  i::;:!'  n-c'i^i,  ^*R,  i^;£,  nvn, 
ni^p.,-^"!!,  rpi;,,  rr'rj,  n'ld,  "^ip,  n^!?,  i^ds,  vn^, 
nin,  n^D,  nip,  nin,  ?p,  lip,  :?i3,  nin,  ^ip,  "in, 
.cn^nDi>-:2^,  ni^:?,  inij^,  rni:sp ,  'I'^ni^n,  rjin\ 

§10.    ACCENT. 

1.  In  addition  to  the  vowel  points,  Dagesh, 
Mappik,  Metheg,  etc.,  Hebrew  words  in  the 
Bible  are  furnished  with  accents,  which  indi- 
cate either  (1)  the  tone-syllable,  or  (2)  the 
syntactical  relation  which  each  word  of  a 
sentence  bears  to  the  rest. 

2.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  various 
forms  of  the  accents,  with  their  names. 


1.  -  Sillook. 

2.  -  Athnach. 

3.  -^  Merka, 

4.  -  Tifchiih. 

5.  —  Zakef  Katon. 

6.  -  Zakef  Gathol. 

7.  —  Segliolta. 

8.  -  TVeer. 

9.  -  R'veea. 


10.  -  Pashta. 

11.  -  Zarka. 

12.  -  Y'theev. 

13.  -  Geresh. 

14.  -  Double  Geresh. 

15.  -  Great  T'lishii. 
16.-1  Little  T'lisha. 

17.  -  Kama  Fiira. 

18.  -  Pazer. 


19.  I    P'seek. 

20.  -  Moonach. 

21.  -  Kadma. 

22.  -  Double  Merka, 

23.  -  Mahpak. 

24.  -  Shalsheleth. 

25.  -  Darga. 

26.  -  Y'rach. 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.       41 

3.  These  forms,  except  the  first  two,  need 
not  now  be  learnt.  It  suffices  to  remember, 
that  if  there  be  but  one  accent  on  a  word,  it 
generally  denotes  the  tone  syllable,  i.e.  the 
syllable  upon  which  the  stress  of  voice  is  to  be 
laid.  If  there  be  two  different  accents  on  a 
word,  the  second  one  marks  the  tone ;  but  if 
both  accents  be  alike,  then  the  first  marks  it. 

4.  Monosyllables,  unless  followed  by  Metheg, 
have  the  tone.  In  most  words,  the  ultimate 
syllable  has  the  tone ;  e.g.  pT,  ^?.it].  In  words 
that  have  ^  in  the  ult,  the  tone  is  on  the  penidt; 
e.g.  T^h  =  melek.  The  tone  is  also  on  the  pe- 
nult in  w^ords  preceded  by  i ;  2'011  =  vayya'shov. 

5.  The  tone  can  only  be  on  the  ult  or  penult, 
never  on  the  antepenult. 

6.  The  mark  :  called  Sof-Psook  always  sepa- 
rates the  verses,  and  takes  the  place  of  our 
period.  The  Athnach  _  stands  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  verse,  and  divides  it  into  two  clauses. 
[In  poetry  the  Merka  serves  the  same  purpose]. 

7.  The  syllables  that  have  Sillook  (which 
occurs  only  under  the  last  w^ord  of  a  verse, 
immediately  preceding  Sof-Psook)  or  Athnach 
are  said  to  be  ''  in  pause."  Hence  the  vowel 
of  such  syllables  is  usually  lengthened ;  e.g. 
221  in  pause  becomes  3Dn. 

8.  The  Sillook  _  can  never  be  confounded 
with  Metheg  _ ,  as  the  former  stands  only  under 


42       GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT. 

the  last  word  of  a  verse,  and  then  always  under 
the  tone-syllable,  w^hile  Metheg  never  stands  un- 
der the  tone-syllable. 

EXERCISE   XXIII. 

State  upon  which  syllable  the  stress  of  voice 
is  to  be  laid  in  each  word  of  the  first  chapter 
of  Genesis ;  and  for  what  reasons. 

§11.   K'REE  AND  K'THEEr. 

1.  K'ree  means  marginal  reading,  K'theet? 
means  the  text  A  star  *  or  circle  °  over  a  word 
in  the  text  directs  the  attention  to  the  foot  of 
the  page. 

2.  The  vowels  under  the  consonants  of  the 
word  in  the  text  belong  to  the  conso7iants  in  the 
margin,  not  to  the  word  in  the  text.  Thus,  in 
Jer.  xlii.  6,  the  text  has  iDwS,  the  margin  has 
IDPi:*^,  therefore  ^jwV  is  to  be  pronounced  l3n3wNi. 
The  proper  vowels  for  IDX  would  be  ^3wX ;  cf. 
1  Sam.  V.  6 ;  2  Kings  xvii.  16. 

3.  If  a  w^ord  in  the  text  has  no  vowels,  it  is 
regarded  as  superfluous  ;  e.g.  Jer.  li.  3. 

-  4.  When  vowels  alone  are  found  in  the 
text,  the  consonants  to  which  they  belong  are 
printed  in  the  margin.  Thus,  in  Judges  xx. 
13,  JL  stands  in  the  text;  in  the  margin  we 
have  ^21 ;  cf.  2  Sam.  viii.  3 ;  2  Kings  xix.  31,  37. 
5.  There  are  a  few  standing  K'rees  which  are 


GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.      43 

unnoticed  in  the  margin ;  e.g.  ^^t]  [in  the  Penta- 
teuch] should  always  be  pronounced  Hee,  not 
Heev.  "i^O'i^";  =  yissakar.  The  Jews  super- 
stitiously  refrain  from  pronouncing  the  Divine 
Name  mn\  but  always  pronounce  it  ^^Aonal, 
whose  vowels  it  is  pointed  with.  However,  we 
usually  read  it  as  it  is  pointed,  and  pronounce 
it  Jehovah.  If  '^yi^_  precede  it,  it  is  pointed 
miT' ,  which  a  Jew  would  pronounce  4oheem. 


44      GUIDE  TO  READING  THE  HEBREW  TEXT.. 


DIRECTIONS  TO  THE   STUDENT. 

Note.  —  The  following  chapters  are .  inserted  for  practice  in 
reading  the  text,  and  in  applying  the  foregoing  rules.  These 
"directions"  will  indicate  to  the  student  the  several  points  to 
which  attention  should  be  paid. 

1.  Practice    reading    these    chapters    aloud, 
until  they  can  be  read  with  accuracy  and  ease. 

2.  Divide  each  word  into  its  component  syl- 
lables, and  give  the  rule  for  each  syllable.    §  4. 

3.  Give  rule  for  the  use  of  each  vowel  that 
occurs.     §  4,  4-7. 

4.  Distinguish  the  vocal  and  silent  ShVas. 

5.  In  case  of  each  ShVa,   state  why  it  is 
vocal  or  silent.    §  3. 

6.  Distinguish   Dagesh    Lene   from   Dagesh 
Forte.  §  5. 

7.  l^ote  final  letters  and  dilated  letters. 

8.  Note  the  quiescent  letters.    §  2,  3-4. 

9.  Select  the  words  in  which  Mappik  occurs. 

10.  Select  the  words  in  which  Pattach  Fur- 
tive occurs.    §  6. 

11.  Find  instances  in  which  Cholem  coin- 
cides with  the  diacritical  point  of  z.  §  2,  5. 

12.  Find  the  words  in  which  Kamets-Chatoof 
occurs.    §  8. 


GENESIS. 

CAPUT    I.    i< 


1    V  T  T  :       1    VI T  T        ;••  :       \-  t    -        ;••         a-      v:       jtt  (.-        ••  : 

DSi^^^  nni  Dinn  ^HB'bv  rim)  iriii  iih  nn^"i 

-    j:  a    :      J--  :        -        Jv   t  :  t  ;t  :it 

-''n^i  n\^^  M-^  D^n^v^^  n:o^^■^1  :Q^?5n  ^:s-by  nsmD  3 

•  :i-  A      J-  :  c-      v:        v     ;-  -it-      ;••  :         -  .w   -: 
I  ;••          •      v:      J-: —         a       •            ^  t         v          ;J-      v:         :s —  i 

IT  V         ;       lv(.        •  :i-       v;v       •  :i-      t  :at        tIjt 

V2  ^^-^Dro  ^n^i  D^OT  Tjin^  ypn  ^-t'  o^i^^^  -^?^^^•^^  e 

I  ;•■  • :  -      J-    •       -AT  -       J   J  :      -  k-  t     ;•  :  •     v:  v    j- 

'^n^')  W^b  bv^  '^m  u^6r\  pDi  Tp^b  nnnD  ^^^ 

•  :\-  -  )a'tit      j---        cv  -:         |j'-        -  )•  TIT         -J-  •         V  -: 

npb-^n^i  :Dny-^-T^i  d^d^  Tp^b  €rrh^  t^np^i  :p  8 

Iv;        •  :i-         '.'):'      •  :i-       -at  t        -k-tst         ;)•      v:         st):  —        li- 
-<-  •  It-  •      v:        V     j-  I*  ••  ; 

:p-^T1  nm^n  n^-ini  ih^  :D)p^'b^  bhwn 

||--  •    ;|-  A-    T  --  (.V     T|-'  :  TV  I  J  T  V  *  -   T     - 

D^?^^  ^^p  D^r^n  nipobi  v"^^^  '^^^'^  •  °''"i^^^  ^'^T'"'   "^ 

A- -       jtIt         \ J-I:   •  ;         1    vv  T   T —  <•       v;  t):  — 


46  GENESIS  CAP.   1.   .!*  n^m^G 

11  Y^^n  ^^ir\  D^rh^  novsi^i  :Dto-''3  u^^rh^  ^^n^i 

V  J--        V    V     1    V  T  T  ••       -       1 1"       -ri-    I   VAT  T         -       (.  :- 

13  v^-ht  uv  ^p2'^rT\  yyi'^rv^  :Dto"^D  u^rb^  ^si^i 

r     •   :  ;       Iv  ^       •  :i-       v;v      '.-i-  i       •  t*      v:         :; — 

•  -  T  -       -  )j-  :  •  •'      <'  :         •     v:         v     j- 

•-;  J    :  :        <t  :         t;at-      Ij-  c-      )  )"  •:-: 

itt  nwnb  D^bc^S"!  ypn^  Knl^^Db  i^ni  :a'^:iz;i  q^d^^i 

I.-  T  :  •  -  T   -      -   |j-  :  •  :  •       <  t  :  i-  t  :  (,•  t  : 

16  rin^;::)n  •'^c^^-n^^  a^-Hb^  m'^^  :]D-^"^^1  V"^^n"by 

C      :  -       )••  :  V  •      v:  -j —        Ir-       •:!-     )  vat  t 

<  T  -         V  :  -         vj/    :  V  :  t  -  <  -  -  v  a-     :  - 

jt         ]) r  t    I  -  (,••  :         t: —         vjv   :  v  :      )     It- 

18  Sfc^D^i   :v"^^^n-by  T^^nb  o^o^^n  ypn^  u^rh^ 

...  1   VI7  T        -  ^-  T  :  -AT  T  -       -    Ij-  :  •  t' 

:; —     )v    A  -      )j"  (.  T      I  r-  •  :  -  :  i  t  : —  j- 

19  D     :  'y^nn  Dv  npb-^-1^1  nny-^-i^i :  d1ld-^3  u^rh^ 

I-    •    :         J      I v^       •  :i-      VJV     •  :i-  i        •         ^-      v: 

5  n^n  i^DJ  vni;:^  o^bn  ^)r\^^  u^rb^  idni"^! 

AT  -         VJV     1  VI. V  J     :  :    •  •      v:         v     j- 

jT-i-  VJV      T         J"  :  A-      :  -         (.•    •  — 

n:3  niy"^^  n^i  Dh^^ob  D^ibn  li:")^  hi)^  n^b'in 

It  T      I    <       T         ••:        V    I-  ;         :it  v  -;  v   v     it 


GENESIS  CAP.  1.   .s  nvBs-ia  47 

A      ••         I.-      v:      >T  ;  VST .—  I        •  C'      v:         :; —        ••    •  : 

1    VI T  T  :■)•      .1    ^t:  V         <:    •  :         j: 

V      J-  r      •  —.  )  )vc        •:!-        v;v      -ri-    -<i4 

t!:^?:)ni  nrons  r(:^^b  hn  ^^2  v'^^n  ^^1J^^  ^D-^rh^ 

V  y.T     ;t  ••  :        T    •:         t-         v<v     1   vtt  ••  •      v: 
--         V               •      v:          -J —        li"       -ri-      -^T    •   :       I    v  r.-  :i-: 

V  )'.•      T  ;i- :  T    •  :  T  ••  :  -  v  :         t    •  :       1    v    t   t 

...         ..     j_  I        •  (.•      v:         :;--       a-    •    ;         ^t  t-:it 

r\)vyi  d^n  r\n2  'iiti  up^ots  U2b)i2  ui^  n^v: 

r-     IT  V  ;v  T       T  :        1    vt  t       t  :  t  ••  :  -  •-  t   - 

abas  labas  D-iJ<n-nN  i  n^fh^A  in^'t  :  V'-\iin-bv  27 

v;v:  :  ~  :  .ttit         v  <•      v;  t;  •-  1    vit  t 

DHsX  Ti-irv:an^  ^13  nzp:)  nri  1^^5  ^^"i3  u^rh^  28 

T  Jvjt;-         it            ;tt        ^t)--:         jtt        a  jt  t  (.•  v: 

I  vut  V       ;  :    •        :/    :         ;:           •      v:        vt  v       -  •  v; 

u  ~  T  :           •  -  T  -        I  J  :         T  -         <-    :  •  :  t  a-..  .-  •  : 

V     t  •    -t        ••  •              •      v:          V     J-        1    VIT  T  -  v;v  it 

T  v:    I     VTT          T     J-:           -        V   -:          -V    -J"  V  J"  T 

irhzivh  ^^■^^  D^b  y-ii  o  vynsD  '\2-1m  yvn 

IT  :  T  :         ^v  ;  r       ;v  t  -at     -j-      It.-       •:         ;         v  -;     1;,-t 

J-'  J  :  •  -  T   -         I  T  :        I    V  T  T  J--        T  : 

AT    :    T   :  V  (.-       I      v;V         T  V  T  -  VJV  V      ":  1      VTT 


48  GEN-ESIS  CAP.  ].  2.     ,^  ,ik  tl^^CH^S 


*.         ••  *  :  T   T        jv  -:       T         V  v:         :< —       lr*       •  :i- 

3  Cap.  II.  3 

J-  •      v:      <-:-  IT  T  :        t  :      I  vut:        •;- t  -       ;.   \:- 

^ji^2wr\  ara  r\2m  n^v  ^m  )D2^bD  ^]j^2m 

•     •   :     -  J-  :   •-  AT   T         JV  -:         ;,  :       -   :  •    •    :    - 

3  Dv-n^<  brt»^  TTu^]  :ntv  ^i^>^  iD^^b^'b^r^ 

J        V  •      v:        )v<t:-  it  t       )•.'    -:         ;.  :      -  :        t  • 

V  -;  :       -  :         T   '         -  T       <     J"        A  f)~:~        •    •    ;    - 

4  D^Dc^n  nnbin  nb^       d       :r\mb  D^rh^  ^^2 

'  y-  J  -  s:      I  vj-  I   -:i-         {,-      v:       ;t7 

vix  U2^rh^  n'ln^  ryitv  avs  D^'i2n2  vi^cni 

I  •.•;•••  (.'      v:       )T     :               >    -:                :         at    :it  •  :        1    v(.t   t  : 

t:     I  vtt         jv.r          vv<          vT  -        -  J-     .        J  :                it  t  : 

•      v:  <t     :            •    :   •                  •         at  :  •         vjv          ^vt    -         v  ;•• 

JV- :i-  ;.-:           it  t-:it         v          (.-:i-     )•-         jt  t  :      )   vtt 

T     :  V   •-            IT   T-;iT      ;••  :         t          v          Kt:    •  :      I  vat  t    I  • 

J-  :    •  u   -:         J-  •"       T   t-:jt     I  •          T   T          ttit 

8  D^1b«  ni.T  yi^^i  :n^n  m^b  on.xn  ^n-^i  ct^h 

;/•      v:       ST     :  "•"  IT-  v;v :  utit        ;■  ;i-  a*- 

9  nbi^^i  i^v:-^  '^m  Di^n'D^  6^  um  Dip^  pV2  ?ii 

-    : ITT         ):•    -•  i.TT|T  V  T  VJT-  v)av  •       lv(.":       ])- 

Dtoi  n^'^Db  -ion:  vy-^D  nbi^^n-p  brh^  nin-' 

J  :        (>v    :  -  :         ;t  ;  v     I  >••       t         t   t  -;jt     I  •  v:       <t     : 

:yn|  Dto  nynn  yyi  jin  TjinD  D^^nn  yyi  ^^^^?o^ 


GEIs^ESIS  CAP.  2-     .3  tr^Ci^^n  49 

mil  -tSd-^  hwr2)  nn-a^  npmb  ]iii^  ^^^^^  hnji  ^ 

Ut;         -t  •        T     •      |a--         V  K:    -    :      I  % J**  tt: 

■  2tiDn  ion  ]W'B  -inxn  Die?  :  d^i2?>«-i  nyait^^  u 

••       -  J        I    A      •  u  viT         ;••  r         T        ;tt     ;-  : 

p^^n  DHTi  iDH-n  □iz;-!!!:^^^  n^^inn  V"i^"b  n>:  12 

I  vnx        i--:\         ITT-        u        V  -:        t    — :i-    I  vjv       t  ••< 

"iniin-ciz^i   luriwn  p^<l  nViDn  u^  3to  ^^inn  13 

<T  t  -        I"  :  I        1  v;v        T         (.-        ••        -  J      I    A    •     ^.  ••  - 

nniini  ^1^'^5  r^'oip  rhnn  >^)n  bp^n  '^^^bwn 
CD-I^^^"^^5  D'nb^^  nin^  np^i  :nnD  ^s:in  ^y^nnn  ito 

ATT  IT  V  (.•       v:        n      :  \^—-  it;  ;  (,-     •     ;,t 

o^Hb^^  niiT  iii^i  :nn:oi2:^^i  niDyb  ni-p3  -inn:!^!  16 

v:     JT     :        -:-  it;    t   :  tT :  t  :        I  v    I-:  j-  — 
1   ....          ,..               ;    T    Kt-     I  r-      ;  •         a      ••       utit 

nto  ^^^^  Tib2^  ors  "^3  i:i?2D  b^^n  ^b  yii  Dto 

;  ^v  •       )):  1  -:  ■)  \        •  ^      a-.-  •         (.-  ;  tt  j 

□n^^n  nvn  Dto"^^"^  u^rb^  r^T\^  \ry^^\   in^i^n  is 

UTI7          ;  v:           ;/         1  •      v:         jt     :         v       -  it 

I  •  •      v:         T     :  '. i:v:  •.-(,••    .;         vv:iv         a-; 

^D^i  T^^mT\  nlV'Ss  HNi  rrmr\  n^n-^D  rycn!^r\ 

-T-  •-    T    -  I     J  T  ••;  VT    -  <--  T  T     T-:iT 

iT  T  IT      s         t):-       V -:  .-A  Ti:*        -  (,    :  •        t  -  jt 

-bb  niibc*  Divsn  ss'-ip'i  :toi^  j<in  n^n  e'dj  a 

T  :                ••           T  7  IT            t):  •  -  I    ;  ;         u  -  v;v 

T  T  :           Av  T  -         J-  -           ;  :  •  -  T    -         I   J     :  t  ••  :   - 

>T  ••  :  -  $•     v:  T     :        i:v:         vs.-         ;t  t         i 

ni^3  "i":iD^i  vnyb^?D  hn.s  np^i  ]i;:^^^i   D-^^5^-Sy 

U    T  )  '.    '-  T        :    -    •  ) |at    •  -  U  T  IT  I- 


50  GE2i"ESIS  CAP.  2.  3.    .3  .i  rr^C^^n 

I  •         );-T        V    -:     >T  ••  -         V  s-      v:       t     :     I  •. —  t  iv  :  - 

23  n^^T  Di^n  n:2^'^i  :D-l^^-b^5  ^^53^'l  nmb  ui^n 

J  TTIT  V  -  IT  TIT  V         T  U*   *   I "         AT       •    :  (.T  T  IT 

r\ki^  vNip^  h^'h  ^imr2  '^tz)  ^mvr^  oyy  cy^n 

T    •       j--Jt'  :       A- T    :  •         u  T        -  T-;r*  v  v<       --  - 

v:      t-   T         V  •        T-;i-    I"         -  I         tjt:i\         (.- ••      r 

•.•••:         <  :i'-  17  V        JT  T  ;         ct  :  :     •  :       )  j-  t  :        a  • 

iw^^n-^  ^b)  )r\m)  ui^n  D^^ny 

IT       :  •        (.  ;      A  :    •  :       u  t  it 

J  Cap.   III.  JJ 

6<  nin^  iTi^y  ntz:^^^  n^ii^^n  n'^n  b'^D  uhv  n^n  m:ir\] 

JT      :        CT     T        ):•  —.  VT    -         J--  •  T       JT  T  TT": 

^b  D'rib^  n:2.s-^3  n^x  ni'^^n-^^^  h2^')  u^^nb^ 

J  •      v:       J-  T      r         I -<        T    'JT  V  V       -  A-      v: 

;• :    •         A7  T  -        V        (.T     -IT         V       )-       l|T-      J  r-        (.   •  :        i 

3  n?D%\  'hn-T]in3  ii::^^:  ran  nsroi  iSr^'j  i^n-vy 

J- T      It-       J    i:         jv     -:       I  ••  t        j- :    •  \-  kt-     m" 

4  nro.\*^i  :(-in?:)n-|ED  i3  mr\  ^b)  ^i^:^  hz^D  ^b  wrh^ 

V     J  -     I    I    ••.  :     I V      A       (.  :  •         )  :       •.•  •  :       i        <  •     •/; 

v:      -J--  •<  I       I      ••.    ;  I  I  AT      •  IT  V  ;T  T  - 

D^'Hb^5^  cn^^ni  □D'':i^y  =)npD:i  ^^b^  DDbD^5  br^ 

I-  V    •  :r       Av    -I-       U;  :  •  :         v  •         jv  :  t  -;  : 

■  6  ^2^  bb^d?  yvn  bto  ^2  nmn  ^^r\)  :yii  Dto  yT 

^•:       T-:i-:       I   ••  t  j-  t    •  it  vj--  itt         ;      c-  :i 

c    :•    •         i;---  •    :    -:     I   --T        <t  :  v;        •-    -it  j         t-:i- 

7  '^:i^y  n^npsm  :^2^5'^^  nr^y  n(^\^^b-D;i  ]nm  ^25<ni 

J--     ••  T    :   l-T     •  -  I-  -  ;,T    •  iT         •    :  -       I  s-  •  -       A- 

wv^)  n':^r\  nby  hsn^i  dh  D^Ty  ^d  ^y-i^i  uh:^ 

J  —.1 —      T  ••  :         J-  -:         :    :'i-    a-        ;.•  ..    i-     j-  :j—        v    - : 


GEi^ESIS  CAP.  3.     .3  D'^rs^-ia  51 

Tj^nnp  a^-1^^?  np]  b)p'r\^  -liipi^.^i,  :r\yn  unb  s 

-^TTiT        V         c-     v:      ;t     :       >t):—      Iit  -      I  ;••      J    ;  ;  •      v: 

•j-r  -IT    )at-       •    K- T      ;l:  )i         v        v       -  tiv-  t         v     ;- 

T  :  IT  T       tv  •        T  -•      ;•  :  •  :       \  y    •  •        sv  -•     )    ••  t    I  •  -:         tat 

'h'n:r\2  ^)n  ^"ir^y  nnn:  niz;^^  hmn  D-l^5^  n^t^'^i  12 

;•  T    :|T  J-  -T      •  TJ-T         JV    -•  T      •  IT  AT  T  IT  V        C" 

n^rnr^  nmb  w^rh^  nln^  "i:::^5'^i  ih^^)  vvnnD  13 

J  -  (.T      -IT  ;i-         V:  ST       :  V  -  I-       IT       U"  T       I    ' 

^r2^'')  :b2^^  ^:^^wn  mn  ni'^n  n?o^ni  r\^m  u 

I"        IT         •  V~      •      •  ;t  T  -  T       •    IT  V  -  A'      T 

T    -  <  T  T    J-      T         J-  T  T  -  V  J-        v:  T        : 

;t  t  :       )••  ••      jl:    I  :        -       a-.-t    -       j--         i.  •  t  ••  :  -        t  • 

n^'^n  ry\  ti:^2  n^m  1  htvNI  iri^^n  ^r2''b3  b^m  na 

T    -it    |j-        I :  I"  •    T         JT    ••  :         iiv-      )••  :       t      \- 

^:iDwr\  nr\i^i  m^^  ri^w^  ^)n  ny-^.i  rni  "nyni  1^31 

;v         :  (.T  -  :  jl:      I    :  <        at  :-    Ij-       J-:  .—    )  ;•• 

;j--      :    •        V    ;-      <T    .-         -  T       JT     -IT         V  )r-T 

^p]  ^6j^^?^n  T]^\yb^jii  Dp3  nbn  Di^y?  Tjihrii 

)  V  :     •         I J  :      T  :  -  T     J-        -  T      JT  T  :  ;it       t    :  • 

mip  bpan  i6  'cab  Tj^n^iv  -^m  pn-p  %iip,\ 
^n^  b^2  nii3r«'n  jaays  TiniDiia  riD-it<n  ninN 

J-   :         (.  TV-:      I       I       T    •:         )  V     -:  I-  t   t-:it         <t       -; 


52  GEN-ESIS  CAP  3.  40.    .fa  .5  tT^rrs^in 

V  ;••         V     t.T  ;  -   IT  :       )  <^r      -  J-   :    -         ^-  :-:      I    h:  )iv- 

);     (  <-  vv  -       J  I    V-  <-••:  IV  T    - 


\T    T  V  ;  T    -  JT    T       I-  T    :   )AT   \  T  (.V 

5  nn-Ti  ^in  ^3  nin  in^^^  diz:^  di^h  ^^p^)  :2wr\ 

;t:it  ;•       ;j-        AT-        ;.    ;     •         ;••  ;-ttit         stI;--  i    t 

T     :         IT       T        ;•• 


;  :    T        i  :     •  :  st  t  :  •      v:        t     :  it       t        ;•• 

)<••  •      v;  JT    :  V     J-  |-    •  :  —  i. 

-?B  I  nnyi  yni  Dto  nynb  i3?bD  in^2  hn  bn^n 

Iv  JT-:  ATT  J  -(.-T  V-  J :  TT  T  T  IT 

IT      :        ;-T       (.-  T  :  '-I-       1j--  -<        )-t:  t        j- :    • 

23  n^bn^^n-as  i2vb  pvm  iD^rh^  nin^  ^nnbm 

T  t-:jt        V  -;i-     I  va-  |-  •  ^-      v:       n     :        y-  :  -  :i- 

vlv*       I-  :  —        AT  TIT  V  v(.t:i-  it   •  K" \        Jv  -: 

D  iD^m  vy  T]nn-n^<  nDi;!:?b 

r  -I-    1  r-     )  vr.-      V  :   • 

f2  Cap.  XL.  D 

s^  Dn!iD-nb?o  npc^n  1^5Co^  n-^^^n  D^'^D'in  nn^^  ^n-'i 


.•IV         );••: 


J...         (^-  ,_       |j  ):  —  -it:    •        ):•):•:        cv    ••  i -:i-       av     it: 

3  ur\^  ]m  iD^Dl^^n  ni:^  byi  dp^ot  nt:^  bv  vd'^')D 

T        I r        IT       ;-         (.-:  )•  :    --        J-         -<      at     -it 

n^\N  u\pD  ^r(Dn  r\^2'b^  D^n^^n  nt:^  n^3  'it^r22 


)- 


tT  •        \j-  V         s-  T  -  -       J-         I    :  —         IT  ;    T       K- 


GEXESis  CAP.  40.   ,J2  n^ffi^'in  53 

uh:^  n6n  'i?obn^i  :^:2^r22  u^r2^  rn^i  nm  mm  n 

V    •• :  -:  :  -I —  it  .     •    :  (.- t     )  :  r-       ^t  vjt  :- 

Lv ;    —        A      -:     I     J  :   •   :  (.•  t  v  7  :J-:  -;  <• 

-  I    -  ;••  :  c-       -:       ):•  —■       •-:    •       Jvjv  :         v  -.-        v     it: 

iD^m  a:ini  nt)^  ^i^)  npss  nor  D^^b^5  ^d^i  e 

r-:i  i.T  •  :  T  :j —        |va-        K--  ;;•.•    •• -;         s  t- 

a      -;        ;••       >-  :     •  :        s    •         v  -:  :  -     j-       • :  v        - :     - 

uhn  T^^  n?3v^^i  :d1^"i  D^n  d^^b  yno  nb^^^  s 

J  -:  T  ••         J  ;       I  -  I  -  ^'   T       ):■    ••  ;        -    ;i  -  a    i- 

D^ri^^^b  i^^ibn  nbr  D^b^5  n?::^^"^i  1ni<  ]\^^  inbi  iJ^^n 

(.      -:         V           );/•:     -  -         -         s-  -  :-  r        ^t  ;    -            •       :    • 

JT       :      ]v\,:—           IT  T  :      Ivcv       "  '  :       '       ~:i-  v      J-     Ja-     .- 

T    ^,v     :    :    -            )'    :  '            t  •         jt  :  it          -   -     :  <•  :       a«     -it 

<- :    viT          'T-riT        V         u-viT      a-t:           c    :~  )  :  i*t-: 

I    :-        I;-        -          ^  -         V     Ir-viT             :-  j        v         t 

D^D^  r\dh^  D^h^n  hS^:^'  )r\r\B  ni  nbr  '6  no^^'n  12 

;•  T        V    )  :  •    -JT   -         V       :        a       :   •         ;,•.•     !••  v    <- 

Tn^^n^  Tib^TD^  nyiD  ^^t^^  u^t^  mb^  1  ilys  ion  13 

J  :    i-  -:i-    )  V  V  :  -       <T  •  •  t       v  j  :  j  :  r- 

nm  ])i^^in  iDBm^  )^'2  nyns-oD  nn:i  ^:i3-^y 

;v  -:    I  -IT         T   ;     •  -  t:  ;-  <t-it:      'a-.-- 

Jt         -  j-        V  -:i-       ):    •        -j-    :-:         •       v  )|--;   -       t  c- t 

^jnxaim  n'^-is-':'^^  '•'jnism  ion  ^nsy  w-n-'E^yi 

•(.-      ••     1  r  :-        V        •-:-:•:        vat        i.- t   •        ;t     t    i-    t  : 

ns-DJi  D^Dyn  v-i«a  --nDiiii  ^iir-'S  in-in  n^sn-p  « 

-;         A-:    'IT     1  •.%-.•••        •  : -•••       J\     r  iv-         •; —     )  • 


64  GENESIS  CAP.  40.    .72  ti^rs^^n 

t"  IT  ~  V I   -  ^'  )    7  i'  T  :  •     J-      7  I 

mm  ^bhro  b^^-n^^  rpv'b^  'i^^^)  ins  Dto  ^2 

) — :i~         ;/  •      )      :viT       J —  I-  -        r  ;••  -        ^t       : 

bvr2  "pDn-in  Dnj<  ^dn  niym  net?  ni:;ya  nns 

;-'•        c )•         jT  r-  I      t:        a-.-  j-- -;i-  i.    : - 

18  uHDn  hpbp  l:hns  ni  np^^h  r|pr  jy;^!  r^i^^^'n 

19  -n^5  nyiD  ^5^^  D^b^  r\^b^  i  niy^  idh  d^d^  r\^b^ 
-n^  rjisjn  "^p^?!  yy-'?y  T]nix  n^ni  -^^^yp  ■^p*N'-) 

vjv  \  <        •      •    ;    -  J-         J- :i-        livT"       I.)  :iT  : 

J-  J        V  T  •"       AT7 -:       T  :  (.v  :    •  -; —  :- 

21  2m  :vi2V  T|in2  u^^i^n  ^^  ^^-rn^)  u^pmn 

viT-  ITT-:       J    J  :  ^-      IT         ;-  ;j         v:  )•  :    -- 

S-  T  I   :  II-  CVT  ;/-  T         ;v-:|-        '^T  T  r        IT         )-  y": 


22 
23 


APPENDIX. 


In  compliance  with  the  wishes  of  some  of  my  students,  I  have  here 
added  a  few  pages  containing  some  rules  for  the  formation  of  the 
regular  verb,  together  with  the  characteristics  of  the  various  parts 
of  the  verb,  of  the  noun,  and  of  the  suffixes. 

I.    FORMATION  OF  THE  REGULAR  VERB. 

1.  The  STEM  of  the  verb  is  the  third  masc.  sing.  pret.  Kal,  and 
consists  of  three  radical  letters.  The  second  radical  is  pointed  with 
— ,  the  vowel  of  action,  the  first  radical  receiving  pretonic  Kamets. 
(Green,  §  82,  1.)     b'j_]^ . 

Intransitive  verbs  take  -  or  -  with  the  second  radical. 

From  the  stem  are  next  formed  the  six  conjugationcd  stems :  viz. 

(1)  NiPHAL  by  prefixing  Nun  ( 5)  to  the  stem  blip,  b^pa  which 
(Green,  §  61,  1)  becomes  bispp. 

(2)  PiEL,  by  doubling  the  middle  radical  by  Dagesh  Forte  (thus 
doubling  or  increasing  the  force  of  the  verb),  and  pointing  the  first 
radical  with  -,*  and  the  second  with  -.     bisp. 

(3)  PuAL,  by  doubling  the  middle  radical,  and  pointing  the  first 
radical  with  - ,  and  the  second  with  -.     bisp. 

(4)  HiPHiL,  by  prefixing  n  to  the  stem  (in  order  to  pronounce 
the  vowel  more  strongly),  and  pointing  it  with  -,^  also  placing  ^- 
with  the  second  radical,     b'^iipn. 

(o)  HoPHAL,  by  prefixing  n    pointed  with  -  (or  -  )  to  the  stem. 

(6)  HiTHPAEL,  by  prefixing  TT\  (the  reflexive  pronoun)  to  the 
original  form  of  the  Piel ;  viz.  Vi^p  .     b'jprri . 

*  Contrary  to  the  analogy  of  all  the  other  forms  of  these  Conjugations  in 
Hebrew,  as  well  as  to  aU  the  forms  of  these  Conjugations  in  each  of  the  kindred 
languages. 


56  APPENDIX. 

2.  From  each  of  these  seven  stems  is  formed  an  Infinitive 
absolute,  — 

{a)  In  the  Kal  by  changing  the  last  vowel  to  i .     ^ii3|5 . 

(h)  In  the  Niphal  (sometimes  by  changing  the  last  vowel  of  its 
stem  to  - ,  e.g.  ^bpp )  generally  by  prefixing  n  (a  relic  of  "{n )  to 
the  stem,  assimilating  the  3  and  representing  it  by  Dagesh  Forte 
(ba;rri),  inserting  pretonic  -  under  the  first  radical  (bajSin),  and 
changing  the  ult.  vowel  of  the  stem  to  Cholem ;  e.g.  ^bjsn . 

(c)  In  the  Piel  and  Pual,  by  changing  the  ult.  vowel  of  the  stems 
to  - ,  and  in  the  Piel  by  placing  the  original  vowel  of  its  stem,  (viz. 
Pattach),  under  the  first  radical ;  e.g.  bisp,  ^taj?. 

{d)  In  the  Hiphil  and  Hophal,  by  changing  the  ult.  vowel  of  the 
stems  to  Tsara  (-),  and  in  the  Hiphil  by  restoring  the  original 
vowel,  i.e.  - ,  to  the  prefix  n ;  e.g,  ^"^^pn ,  bwpn . 

(e)  In  the  Hithpael,  by  changing  the  ult.  vowel  of  the  stem  to 
Cholem  ;  e.g.  biflj^nn . 

Remark.  —  It  will  be  noted,  therefore,  that  Cholem  in  the  ult, 
usually  marks  the  Infinitive  absolute, 

3.  From  each  Infinitive  absolute  is  next  formed  an  Infinitive 
construct,  — 

(a)  In  the  Kal  by  rejecting  the  pretonic  Kamets. 

(b)  In  the  Niphal  by  changing  -  to  -. 

(c)  In  all  the  other  Conjugations  by  changing  the  ult.  vowel  so 
as  to  correspond  with  the  ult.  vowel  of  its  conjugational  stem. 

4.  From  each  Infinitive  construct  is  formed  a  Future ;  by  pre- 
fixing the  personal  preformatives  ^,  n ,  fi< ,  3 ,  dropping  the  Ji  of  the 
Inf.  in  Niph.,  Hiph.,  Hoph.,  and  Hithpael,  and  giving  its  vowel  to 
the  personal  prefix. 

These  prefixes,  abstractly  considered,  are  of  course  pointed  with 
Sh^va. 

0.  From  the  second  person  of  the  Jussive  Future  (Green,  §  97,  2) 
in  all  cases  are  formed  the  Imperatives,  by  simply  dropping  the 
personal  prefix  n  (which  is  superfluous  in  the  Imp.)  and  restoring 
the  h  if  it  originally  stood  in  the  Infinitive  construct. 

The  Pual  and  Hophal  being  pure  passives,  have  no  Imperative. 

6.  The  participles  (being  verbal  nouns)  are  mostly  formed  from 
the  Infinitive  construct, 

(a)  In  the  Kal,  however,  the  arbitrary  forms  h'qp  bsiMjD  are  used. 

(b)  In  the  Niphal  the  form  biaps  (formed  after  the  analogy  of  the 
participles  of  intransitive  verbs,  i.e.  from  the  conjugational  stem)  is 
used. 


APPENDIX. 


57 


(c)  In  the  other  Conjugations  a  is  prefixed  to  the  Infinitive,  the 
rt  is  dropped,  the  ^  taking  its  vowel  instead  of  -,  and  the  last 
vowel  of  the  Infinitive,  if  short,  is  lengthened. 

Tabular  View  of  the  Regular  Verb,  to  illustrate  these  rules. 


Kal. 

Niphal. 

Piel. 

Pual. 

Hiphil. 

Hophal. 

Hithpael, 

Stems 

b-jj? 

^^P? 

b-J|5 

bl3p 

b^-jpn 

^gph 

^4?pnn 

Inf.  abs. 

bvjj^ 

Vjjsn 

ii»l? 

^t.p 

^•^pr? 

^■jpn 

btapnn 

Inf.  con. 

ibp[ 

^"Ji?n 

^'^P 

^1?;^ 

^^^Pl! 

^'^Pv 

Isiaprrj 

Futures 

^-Jp'j 

^^i?"! 

^"^P1 

^'^l?': 

^""'^Fpi 

^^Pr 

^•jpn"^ 

Impera. 

v^l? 

Vj]5rj 

^'^P 

^'^pn 

V-jprri 

Particip. 

^•^p 

^*l^l? 

^^P? 

^■^PP 

^"^1^^ 

^■•■^p^ 

b-Jp^ 

^'^PP'? 

For  the  explanation  of  the  personal  affixes  of  the  Perfect  or 
Preterite,  and  of  the  prefixes  of  the  Future,  cf.  Green,  §  85,  1.  a., 
and  for  the  vowel  changes,  cf.  §  85,  2.  a. 


II    CHARACTERISTICS   OF   THE  VERB. 

In  looking  at  a  form  of  the  verb,  having  removed  its  suffixes, 
first  determine  its  tense  or  mode. 

1.  Characteristics  of  the  Tenses. 
The  Future  may  be  known  by  its  prefix  5,  n,  'i,  5<. 
The  Perfect  has  affixes,  but  no  personal  prefixes. 

Rem.  —  The  Imperative  also  takes  affixes,  but  cannot  be  mistaken 
for  the  Perfect,  as  the  vowels  under  the  first  radical  in  the  Kal  and 
Piel,  and  under  the  fn  in  Hiph.,  and  Hith.,  differ ;  while  in  the  Niph. 
the  Imper.  takes  the  prefix  n,  the  Perf.  having  3. 

2.  CONJUGATIONAL    CHARACTERISTICS. 

(a)  If  a  verb  be  in  the  Future^  the  vowel  under  the  prefix  marks 
the  Conjugation. 

This  vowel  in  the  regular  verb,  in  the  Kal  and  Niphal  is  - ,  in 
Piel  and  Pual  invariably  -,  in  Hiphil  - ,  in  Hophal-  or  -r- ,  in  Hith- 
pael, n-r . 

The  Niphal  may  be  distinguished  from  Kal,  by  the  ~  under  the 
first  Radical  immediately  after  the  prefix,  bbfj^  bw^'i .  The  Piel 
from  the  Pual  by  the  vowels  under  the  first  radical. 


58 


APPENDIX. 


As  these  vowels  under  the  prefixes  are,  in  the  various  classes  of 
verbs,  liable  to  mutations  caused  by  the  presence  of  weak  letters, 
etc.,  the  following  table  may  be  found  useful  in  most  cases,  not  only 
for  determining  in  what  conjugation  the  future  tense  of  a  verb  is 
found,  but  also  to  what  class  it  belongs,  thus  serving  the  student  as 
guide  for  tracing  out  the  root. 


Class. 

Kal. 

Niphal. 

Piel. 

Pual. 

Hiphil. 

Hophal. 

Hithpael. 

Reg.  Verb, 

t(-)' 

t(-)' 

-(-)• 

-(-)" 

t(-) 

n-T 

5  guttural, 

^  guttural. 

. 

fi<b 

:!D 

D  guttural. 

—  — 

— 

ND 

—  — 

- 

f^!: 

(ap;e.) 
\  form.  / 

• 

_   '^_ 

i(v) 

^ 

^V 

t(--) 

T 

^(t) 

15 

T 

T 

1 

»  These  occur  only  under  s.  The  other  vowels  in  brackets  occur  only  in 
exceptional  forms.  Where  no  vowels  are  printed  the  vowels  are  the  same  as 
in  the  Regular  Verb. 

It  will  be  be  observed  that  the  vowel  under  the  prefixes  of  the 

Future  varies  chiefly  in  the  Kal,  Hiphil,  and  Hophal  Conjugations. 

To  illustrate  the  method  of  using  this  table,  take  n"ia1"i :  the  vowel 


APPENDIX.  59 

with  the  prefix  is  i ;  referring  to  the  table  we  find  that  the  conjuga- 
tion is  Hiphil,  and,  casting  the  eye  to  the  left  hand  column,  that  it 
is  a  ■'B  verb ;  ^^^  is  therefore  the  root. 

Or,  take  d^p"^ .  The  vowel  of  the  prefix  is  - ,  therefore,  by  the 
table,  the  form  is  in  the  Kal  or  Hiphil  conjugations,  and  the  verb 
belono-s  to  the  class  SS  or  15  .  The  vowel  '^-  or  -  under  the  radical, 
will  readily  distinguish  the  Hiphil  from  the  Kal  in  these  classes 
of  verbs;  e.g.  Kal  D^ip!;,  Hiphil  fi'^p^;  Kal  nb^,  Hiphil  sg;". 

(b)  If  the  verb  (having  an  affix)  be  in  the  Preterite, 

3  prefixed  marks  the  Niphal, 

Dagesh  Forte  in  the  middle  Radical  marks  the  Piel  and  Piicd, 
Exc.  Verbs  3)  guttural,  of  course  omit  the  Dagesh,  but  lengthen 
the  vowel  under  the  first  Radical  to  -  in  the  Piel,  and  to  — 
in  the  Pual ;  e.g.  Piel  ^^a ,  Pual  hvi .     Verbs  12)  double  the 
third  Radical,  which  form  verbs  55)  borrow. 

n  prefixed  marks  the  Hiphil  and  HophaL 

nil  prefixed  marks  the  Hithpael. 

3.  Characteristics  of  the  Person. 

Preterite  Tense.  Affix    i-  or  ^a  denotes  the  1st  person. 
Affix    tn ,  Dn ,  "in  denotes  the  2d  person. 
Affix    n-  or  Ji  denotes  the  3d  person. 
Future  Tense.       Prefix  ^  or  3  denotes  the  1st  person. 
Prefix  n  denotes  the  2d  person. 
Prefix  *>  (or  n)  denotes  the  3d  person. 

4.  Characteristics  of  Number. 
Affixes  hi,  1,  ^,  ^  denote  the  P/z/r«Z. 

5.   Characteristics  of  the  Infinitive  and  Imperative. 

Infinitives  and  Imperatives  have  the  conjugation  denoted  as  in 
the  Preterite,  except  the  Niphal,  which  takes  the  prefix  n  and  also 
Dagesh  Forte  in  the  first  Radical,  except  in  verbs  B  guttural. 

6.  Characteristics  of  the  Participles. 

Niphal  Participle  begins  with  5 ;  all  the  rest  (except  Kal)  with 
» ,  and  the  conjugation  is  denoted  as  in  the  Future,  i.e.  by  the  vowel 
accompanying  the  prefix. 


60  APPENDIX. 

m.    CHARACTERISTICS   OF   THE  NOUN. 
JVIasculine. 
Singular, 
Absolute  has  no  characteristic  termination. 

Construct  is  like  the  Absolute ;  except  in  case  there  is  a  mutable 
vowel  in  the  Absolute  it  is  generally  shortened  or  rejected. 
Note.  —  Kamets  and  Tsara  rarely  occur  in  the  construct. 
Nouns  in  In-  make  their  Construct  in  n— . 
Nouns  in  "i-  make  their  Construct  in  i-. 

Plural. 
Absolute  ends  in  D*"-  (rarely  in  'p-  or  '^-). 

Note.  —  Some  masculines  make  their  plural  in  tA  (of.  Green 
§  200  a.). 

Segholates  insert  -  before  d''- ;  e.g.  D'^3^^ . 
Construct  ends  in  ^ . 

Feminine. 
Singular. 
Absolute  ends  in  M_  or  n_.  (rarely  in  8<- ,  n- ,  n«). 
Construct  ends  in  r-  (or  n-). 

Plural. 
Absolute,     m"  is  substituted  for  the  ending  of  the  Singular. 
Segholates  insert  -  before  this  ending  ni . 

Construct  also  ends  in  Ki ,  before  which  Segholates  revert  to  their 
original  monosyllabic  form. 

Duals  make  their  Absolute  in  n"^- ,  their  Construct  in  "^ .  Before 
d";-  feminines  in  n-  become  n- . 

IV.    CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE  PRONOMINAL  SUTFIXES. 

First  Person  is  indicated  by  "^  or  3 . 

Second  Person  is  indicated  by  "j . 

Third  Person  is  indicated  by  H- ,  1 5  0  ?  o^  1  • 

Note.  —  "^  inserted  between  a  noun  and  its  suffix  shows  that  the 
noun  is  in  the  plural  number  ;  in  the  first  person  singular  this  *^ 
coincides  with  the  characteristic  of  the  suffix. 

If  the  characteristics  as  here  given  are  thoroughly  committed  to 
memory,  it  is  believed  that,  in  most  cases,  the  student  will,  with  his 
previous  study  of  the  Grammar,  be  able  to  analyze  a  word  at  sight. 


APPENDIX. 
TERMINATIONS   OF   NOMINAL   FORMS. 


61 


Singular. 

Plural. 

Dual. 

Absolute. 

Construct. 

Absolute. 

Construct.' 

Absolute. 

Construct. 

No  charac- 
teristic 
ending. 

Like 
Absolute. 

■V 

n% 

•  • 

B 

in 

< 

Sesrho- 
lates. 

Like 
Absolute. 

1_ 

■  in^ 

- 

-  ni 

ni 

n^^n- 

M 

» 

tn_ 

n- 

.        No 
Construct. 

No  Plural. 

Segho- 
V,     lates. 

n^orn_ 

ni__. 

ni 

*  These  terminations  are  very  rare. 

t  Nouns  in  n—  are  not  treated  as  Segholates. 

This  Table  gives  the  usual  endings  of  the  Noun  according  to  its 
different  Numbers,  Genders,  and  States.  Through  these  endings 
the  noun  may  be  traced  back  to  its  Absolute  Singular. 

N.B.  —  The  Masculine  Plural  termination  is  added  to  the  Abso- 
lute Singular.  The  Feminine  Plural  ending  m"  is  substituted  for 
the  Feminine  Singular  termination. 

Before  making  use  of  the  Table  all  suffixes  and  prefixes  must  be 
removed  from  the  noun.  Note,  that  all  nouns  which  occur  with  a 
suffix  are  in  the  Construct  State. 

The  Construct  Sing.  Masc.  and  the  Construct  Plural  Fem.  may 
often  be  distinguished  from  the  Absolute  by  the  brevity  of  the  vowels. 
Kamets  seldom,  and  Tsara  infrequently  occur  in  the  Construct. 


62  APPENDIX. 

Form  for  parsing  a  Verb.  —  First  analyze  the  form,  taking  off 
Suffixes,  Vav  Conv.,  Prep.,  etc.  Then  give  Root ;  Synopsis  of  the 
seven  Conjugations  ;  Tense  ;  Person  ;  Number  ;  Gender  ;  Conju- 
gation; Syntax. 

Form  for  parsing  a  Noun. — Analyze  ;  give  the  Abs.  Sing.;  Abs. 
and  Const.  Sing,  and  Plural ;  Case  ;  Number  ;  State ;  Syntax. 

For  Suffixes.  —  Number  ;  Person  ;  Gender  ;  Case. 

YoT  Participles.  —  Give  Stem;  Synopsis  of  Conj. ;  Conj.;  Abs. 
and  Const.,  Sing,  and  Plural ;  Number ;  State ;  Syntax. 


For  the  convenience  of  the  student  the  characteristics  of  the 
various  forms  of  the  Verb  and  Noun,  as  given  in  detail  above,  are 
summed  up  in  the  Tabular  Views  on  p.  61  and  pp.  QQ,  67.  The 
method  of  using  the  Tabular  View  of  the  Verb  is  indicated  on 
pp.  58,  59   (cf.  Table  there  given). 

"With  the  Table  open  before  him,  the  student  can  not  only  deter- 
mine the  tense,  conjugation,  etc.,  of  almost  any  verb  he  meets  with 
in  the  Hebrew  Bible,  but  is  also  guided  to  the  root  for  which  he 
is  to  consult  his  lexicon.  The  Table  serves  for  all  classes  of  verbs  ; 
irregularities,  anomalies,  etc.,  being,  of  course  excepted. 

The  Table  of  Nominal  Forms  (p.  61)  while  giving  the  endings 
for  gender,  number,  and  state,  may  also  serve  to  indicate  the  form 
which  is  to  sought  for  in  the  lexicon. 


APPENDIX.  53 

TO   FIND  WORDS   IN  THE   LEXICON. 

In  addition  to  the  Tables  of  Verbal  and  Nominal  Characteristics, 
the  following  rules  will  supply  the  student  with  the  necessary  infor- 
mation for  finding  words  in  the  Lexicon. 

I.  Nouns.     Reject  from  the  word  all  prefixes  (e.g.  a ,  3 ,  b ,  a ,  n , 

123,  1),  all  suffixes,  and  plural  or  dual  terminations. 

II.  Verbs.     1.  All  verbal  roots  are  tri-literal.     To  obtain  this 

root, 

(A)  Reject  from  the  heginning  of  the  form,  (1)  all  personal 
prefixes,  'i ,  n ,  3 ,  5< ;  (2)  all  conjugational  preformatives, 
D,  n,  nh;  (3)  the  participial  prefix,  ^;  (4)  the  prefix 
prepositions,  S ,  S ,  b ,  ^  ;  (5)  the  article  [sometimes  prefixed 
to  the  participle]  and  interrogative  particle,  n ;  (6)  the 
relative,  t ;  and  (7)  1  copulative  or  conversive. 

(B)  Reject  from  the  eyid  of  the  form  all  personal  affixes 
(si-,  n,  ■!,  1,  en,  "iPi,  ^5),  suffixes,  and  paragogic  letters. 

(C)  Reject  all  inserted  letters,  as  i ,  ''t  >  ''t  >  ''-  • 

2.  If  after  the  form  is  thus  divested  of  its  servile  letters,  three 

letters  be  left,  they  are  the  root. 

3.  If  but  two  letters  are  left,  then  the  verb  is  defective,  and 

wants,  (1)  an  initial  *i  or  5 ;  (2)  a  medial  1  or  *i ;  (3)  final 
n  (very  seldom  i^)  ;  or  the  second  radical  must  be  doubled. 

A  knowledge  of  the  Paradigms  of  the  verbs  will  enable 
the  student  to  determine  generally  the  Class  to  which  the 
verb  before  him  must  belong.  Dagesh  Forte,  however,  in 
the  first  of  the  remaining  radicals  generally  denotes  the 
absence  of  initial  3  (rarely  ^). 

Vav  (t  ,  1 ,  or  ^i)  after  the  personal  or  conjugational  prefix 
usually  represents  initial  *^ . 

The  inserted  vowel  (i ,  *i ,  or  '^-)  often  serve  to  indicate 
1:?  or  ^'J  verbs. 

If  after  rejection,  as  in  (A),  (B),  (C),  *^  remains  as  the 
third  radical,  the  verb  is  nb. 

Dagesh  Forte  in  the  second  of  the  remaining  radicals 
will  frequently  point  out  an  sr:?  verb. 

4.  If  but  one  letter  is  left,  prefix  3  (rarely  '^)  and  add  ti. 

N.B.  —  When  i  Conversive  of  the  Future  is  removed,  the 
prefix  that  follows  it  must  also  be  removed  with  it. 


64  APPENDIX. 

The  following  mnemonic  lines  by  Tregelles  may  be  found  of  use 

"  The  servile  letters  cast  away, 
And  if  behind  three  letters  stay 
You'll  have  the  root  without  delay. 
But  if  you  have  not  letters  three, 
The  root  will  then  defective  be. 
Perhaps  the  root  you  seek  is  one 
Which  drops  initial  Tothe  or  Noon: 
A  medial  Tothe  or  Vav  may  show 
The  letters  three  you  want  to  know: 
Perhaps  the  letter  which  stands  second. 
To  make  the  three,  must  twice  be  reckoned: 
Or,  finally,  perhaps  you  may 
Require  to  add  a  final  Hay." 


APPPENDIX. 


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1 

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s' 

tj 

ts 

1 

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1.      X 

1 

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z 

tl 

C"| 

Z 

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APPENDIX. 


67 


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JUST     PUBLISHED 


A 

HARMONY  OF  THE  POUR  GOSPELS 

ACCORDING  TO  THE  TEXT  OF  TISCHERDORF;  WITH  A  COLLATION  OF  THE 

TEXTUS  RECEPTUS,  AND  OF  THE  TEXTS  OF  GRIESBACH,  LACHMANN, 

AND  TREGELLES. 

BY 

FREDERIC    GARDINER,  D.D., 

PROFESSOR  IN  THE  BERKELEY  DIVINITY  SCHOOL,  AUTHOR  OP  "A  COMMENTARY  ON  THK 
EPISTLE  OP  ST.  JUDE,"   "A  HARMONY  OP  THE  GOSPELS  IN  ENGLISH,"  ETC. 

8vo.      pp.  Ivi  and  268.     Price,  $2.50. 


The  distinctive  features  of  this  Harmony  are,  — 

1.  A  critical  text.  viz.  the  text  of  Tischendorf  s  eighth  or  last  edition,  embodying 
the  latest  results  of  textual  criticism.  To  obtain  the  final  portions  of  this  edition 
the  publication  of  this  work  has  been  delayed  several  months.  The  readings  of 
the  textus  receptus,  where  they  differ  from  Tischendorfs  text,  are  given  in  full  in 
the  margin;  the  variations  being  designated  by  a  different  type.  The  texts  of 
Griesbach,  Lachman,  and  Tregelles  are  carefully  collated.  The  relative  value  of 
readings  as  estimated  by  Griesbach  are  noted,  and  original  authorities  cited  in 
important  cases. 

2.  All  distinct  quotations  from  the  Old  Testament  are  given  in  full  in  the 
margin,  according  to  Tischendorf  s  edition  of  the  LXX.,  together  with  the  var. 
led.  of  the  Alexandrian  text  and  of  the  Codex  Sinaiiicus,  and  of  the  several  other 
versions  named  in  the  title. 

3.  A  choice  selection  of  parallel  references  has  been  placed  in  the  margin,  chiefly 
to  point  out  similar  language  or  incidents  in  other  parts  of  the  Gospels,  or  passages 
in  the  Old  Testament,  on  which  the  language  of  the  Gospels  may  be  founded. 

4.  Brief  notes  relating  to  matters  of  harmony  have  been  placed  at  the  bottom 
of  the  page. 

5.  Special  care  has  been  devoted  to  the  chronological  order  of  the  Gospel 
narratives. 

6.  The  columns  are  so  arranged  on  the  page  as  to  combine  the  greatest  clearness 
consistent  with  the  least  cost.     The  columns  are  never  interwoven  on  the  page. 

7.  A  synoptical  table  is  given  of  the  arrangement  adopted  by  several  harmonists, 
showing  at  a  glance  the  general  agreement  on  the  main  points  of  chronology,  and 
the  points  of  difference  where  difference  occurs.  This  is  a  new  feature  in  thi:' 
work,  and  will  be  found  very  useful  to  the  student. 

WARREN  F.  DRAPER,  Publisher, 

Andover,  Mass. 

31 


A 

HARMONY  OF  THE  FOUR  GOSPELS 
IN    ENGLISH, 

ACCORDING  TO  THE  AUTHORIZED  VERSION;  CORRECTED  BY  THE  BEST 
CRITICAL  EDITIONS  OF  THE  ORIGINAL. 


By  FREDERIC   GARDINER,  D.D., 

ERKKLEY  DIVlNITr  SCHOOL;   AUTHOR  OF 
GOSPELS  IN  GREEK,"  ETC. 

8vo.     pp.  xliv  and  287.     Price,  $2.00. 


PROFESSOR  IN  THE  BERKELEY  DIVlNITr  SCHOOL;   AUTHOR  OF  "A  HARMONY  OF  THE 
GOSPELS  IN  GREEK,"  ETC. 


This  Harmony  is  a  reproduction  in  English  of  the  author's  "  Harmony  of  the 
Four  Gospels  "  in  Greek.  Being  intended  for  English  readers,  so  much  of  the 
Introduction  and  of  the  notes  as  require  a  knowledge  of  Greek,  is  omitted.  Other 
notes  have  been  abridged  in  many  cases. 

DIATESSARON. 


THE 

LIFE     OF     OUR     LORD; 

IN 

The  Words  of  the   Gospels. 

By  FREDERIC   GARDINER,  D.D., 

PK0FES80B  IIT  THE  BEEKELET  DIVISITT  SCHOOL,  AUTHOR  OF  "A  HAEMOITY  OF    THE   QOSPBLS  Ilf 
GREEK,"  ETC.  ETC. 

16mo.     pp.259.  Price,  $1.00. 


This  work  combines  in  one  continuous  narrative  the  events  of  the  life  of  Christ 
as  recorded  by  all  the  evangelists.  His  genealogy,  conversations,  discourses, 
parables,  miracles,  his  trial,  death,  resurrection,  and  ascension,  are  placed  in  the 
order  of  their  occurrence ;  and  in  the  foot-notes  references  are  made  to  passages  in 
the  Old  Testament  relating  to  Christ  or  quoted  by  him. 

The  life  of  our  Lord  has  been  of  late  years  presented  in  such  a  multitude  of 
forms,  colored  with  the  views  and  theories  of  such  a  multitude  of  minds,  that  it  is 
hoped  the  present  effort  to  present  that  life  in  the  exact  form  of  the  inspired  record, 
without  addition  or  abatement,  may  tend  to  the  increase  of  the  real  knowledge  of 
the  life  of  the  Saviour  of  mankind. 

The  work  is  specially  adapted  for  use  in  the  family  and  in  Sabbath-schools  and 
Bible-classes. 

W.  F.  mtATEB,  rublisher, 

AudoTer,  mass* 
82 


M  EDIATIO N . 
THE     FUNCTION    OF     THOUGHT 

16mo.  Small  Pica  Type.  pp.  idl3.  Price,  $1.'^5. 


This  volume  forms  one  part  or  chapter  of  a  larger  proposed  work  under  the  title  of 
*'  Thoughts  on  Mediation  ;  or,  the  Relation  of  Christ  to  the  World."  The  author 
reasons  that  as  Christ  and  his  apostles  claim  the  reasonableness  of  his  doctrine, 
and  appeal  to  the  honest  conviction  of  men  for  its  acceptance,  we  may  justly  inquire 
for  the  solution  of  this  problem ;  or,  that  the  truths  evolved  by  the  doctrine  of 
Mediation  will  throw  strong  lights  on  everything  touched  by  them,  and  give  new 
signiticance  to  all  Ave  conceived  before. 

The  author  proposes  in  this  volume  to  show  the  base  which  exists  in  the  normal 
constitution  of  humanity  for  the  doctrine  of  Mediation  ;  and  also  that  this  base  is 
as  wide  and  as  universal  as  the  whole  scope  of  human  thought.  He  proceeds  with 
a  profound  and  suggestive  discussion  of  the  function  of  thought  in  man  as  distin- 
guishing him  from  all  other  animals,  not  only  in  degree  but  in  kind.  These  specific 
functions  are  classed  as,  I.  That  of  Language.  II.  Proportion,  or  the  relation  of 
forms,  subdivided  under  three  heads,  —  Pure  Mathematics,  Applied  Science,  and 
Art.  III.  Jurisprudence  or  Law.  In  all  which  man  is  not  only  superior,  but 
essentially  ditferent  from  all  the  animals.  By  language  he  has  general  ideas, 
society;  through  proportion  he  has  form,  beauty,  art,  mathematics;  from  law, 
order,  government,  morals. 


A    MEMORIAL 

OP 

SAMUEL     HARVEY     TAYLOR. 

COMPILED    BY    HIS    LAST     CLASS. 

8vo.    pp.127.     Pica  Type.     Tinted  paper;  cloth,  bevelled,  gilt  edges.    Published 
by  Subscription.     Price,  $1.75. 


This  elegant  litle  volume  is  a  tribute  of  affection  and  respect  to  the  late  Princi- 
pal of  Phillips  Academy,  by  his  last  Senior  Class.  It  contains  the  Address  by 
Professor  Park,  at  the  Funeral  of  Dr.  Taylor ;  the  Selection  from  the  Scrijjturcs 
read  on  the  occasion  by  Prof  J.  L.  Taylor ;  a  Sermon  by  Prof  J.  W.  Churchill, 
preached  at  the  Chapel  of  the  Theological  Seminary  on  the  Sabbath  following  ; 
Resolutions  of  the  Members  of  the  Academy  and  the  Alumni,  with  some  account 
of  the  Funeral  Services,  and  Reminiscences  by  a  former  pupil.  A  beautiful  Pho- 
tograph, cabinet  size,  the  last  one  taken  of  Dr.  Taylor,  precedes  the  title. 

A  few  copies  only  are  for  sale. 


AN     ADDRESS, 

DELIVERED  AT  THE 

FUNERAL  OF  SAMUEL  HARVEY  TAYLOR,  LL.D. 

BY    EDWARDS    A.     PARK. 
From  the  Bibliotheca  Sacra  for  April.  8vo.  pp.  33.  Paper  covers.    Price,  2.5  cents. 

W.  p.  DRAPER,  Publisher, 

Andover.  Mass, 
8S 


LATELY     PUBLISHED 


CLASSICAL  STUDY :  Its  Usefulness  illustrated  by  Selections  from  the 
Writings  of  Eminent  Scholars.  Edited,  with  an  Introduction,  by  Samuel 
H.  Taylor,  LL.D.,  Principal  of  Phillips  Academy.  12mo.  pp.  415. 
Cloth  extra,  Price,  $2.00. 

Professor  J.  It.  Boise,  of  the  Unioersity  qf  Chicago,  thus  writes  in  the  March  number  of 
the  Illinois  Teacher:  "The  selection  of  essays  made  by  Dr.  Taylo/  is  eminently  judicious, 
and  presents  the  views  of  many  leading  writers,  both  in  Europe  and  in  this  country.  The 
Introduction,  containing  about  thirty  pages,  gives,  first,  a  concise  and  clear  sketch  of  tlia 
history  of  the  controversy  un  the  value  of  classical  studies;  and  then,  several  reasons  why 
the  highest  benelits  of  classical  study  are  seldom  reached  in  this  country.  On  this  latter 
point,  we  know  of  no  one  better  qualitied  by  education  and  long  experience  as  a  teacher 
to  speak  wisely.  This  collection  of  essays  reminds  us  of  one  feature  in  the  whole  con- 
troversy with  which  we  have  often  been  struck :  the  readiness  of  classical  men  to  concede 
an  honorable  position  to  scientitic  studies.  There  have  been  few  exceptions  to  this  rule; 
whereas,  scientitic  men  have  not  unfrequently  demanded  for  their  favorite  pursuits  the 
entire  Held,  to  the  exclusion  of  everything  else;  at  least,  to  the  entire  exclusion  of  the 

ancient  languages To  all  who  desire  the  best  collection  of  essays  in  our  language  ou 

classical  study,  the  work  of  Dr.  Taylor  will  be  very  welcome.  It  should  have  a  conspicuous 
place  in  every  school-library,  and  in  the  private  library  of  every  educator  in  our  land." 

In  another  connection  Prof.  Boise  adds :  "  Not  the  least  valuable  part  of  the  volume  is 
the  Introduction,  in  which  Dr.  Taylor  so  ably,  clearly,  and  fairly  balances  the  arguments 
on  the  two  sides.  The  conception  of  the  entire  work  was  a  happy  thought,  and  is  carried 
out  with  that  good  judgment  which  1  long  ago  learned  to  expect  from  him." 

Dr.  McCosh,  President  of  Princeton  College  writes :  "  I  value  exceedingly  ;your  admirable 
work.    The  selection  seems  to  me  to  be  judicious,  and  the  general  impression  left  by  the 

g»rusal  is  excellent.  The  work  is  fitted  to  do  much  good.  1  wish  it  were  known  in  Great 
ritain,  where  there  is  a  strong  anti-classical  reaction  " 

Professor  Coodwin,  of  Harvard  University,  in  a  note  to  the  Author,  thus  expresses  his 
appreciation  of  the  work :  "  You  have  done  an  excellent  and  a  most  timely  service;  and  I 
am  sure  it  will  do  good  in  counteracting  much  r.f  the  ignorant  and  nonsensical  talk  which 
we  hear  about  the  classics.  The  most  ignorant  form  in  which  the  opposition  to  the  classics 
appears  is  when  it  uses  such  essays  as  those  of  Farrar's  as  arguments  against  our  system  of 
clasi^ical  study  in  America;  as  if  it  could  be  afiected  by  such  arguments,  even  allowing 
them  to  be  good  over  against  the  English  system." 

Professor  George B.  Jewett,  in  a  letter  to  Dr.  Taylor,  speaks  of  the  work  thus:  "  Most 
effectually  have  you,  by  your  own  pen  and  by  the  writings  of  others,  met  and  refuted,  in 
this  volume  the  numerous  objections  to  classical  study  which  that  groundless  prejudice  is 
constantly  reiterating;  most  nobly  have  you  illustrated  the  value  of  the  pursuit.  At  first 
the  plan  of  your  work  seemed  to  me  to  involve  much  of  unavoidable  repetition,  without 
securing  a  corresponding  depth  of  impression.  But  a  careful  reading  of  the  book  has 
convinced  me  of  the  peculiar  excellence  of  your  plan,  and,  in  fact,  that  it  leaves  nothing 
to  be  regretted,  unless,  perhaps,  that  the  space  occupied  by  your  own  pen  is  so  greatly 
disproportionate  to  that  which  you  have  awarded  to  others.  So  far  is  the  bock  from 
becoming  wearisome  by  its  repetitions,  that  it  is  quite  kaleidoscopic  in  the  variety  and 
fascination  of  the  views  which  it  presents.  It  must  carry  conviction  to  all  who  will  read  it 
candidly,  and  who  are  capable  cf  appreciating  its  multiform  proofs  and  illustrations.  It 
cannot  fail  to  give  a  fresh  impulse  to  the  cause  it  so  ably  adv  cates.  It  will  serve  as  a 
repository  of  facts  and  arguments  from  which  inexhaustible  supplies  may  be  drawn  for 
the  defense  and  vindication  of  this  sorely  abused  department  of  study.  For  furnishing 
this  storehouse  you  are  entitled  to  the  thanks  of  all  who  are  striving  to  promote  the  in- 
terest of  sound  learning.'' 

President  Aiken  of  Union  College  says:  "  It  more  than  meets  my  expectation,  and  I  am 
sure  will  render  a  valuable  and  timely  service  to  the  cause  of  good  learning.  It  will  prove 
a  rich  storehouse  of  arguments  and  illustrations  for  those  who  believe  in  the  old  ways." 

"  We  think  Dr.  Taylor  has  made  a  good  fight,  and  that  opponents  will  have  much  to  do 
to  sustain  the  onset,  if  they  are  not  completely  unhorsed."  —  Philadelphia  Paper. 

"We  commend  the  book  as  a  valuable  collection  of  essays  on  the  higher  methods  ol 
mental  training."  —  American  Presbyterian. 

"  We  are  glad  that  our  friend.  Dr.  Taylor,  the  learned  and  eminent  Principal  of  what  we 
conceive  to  be,  c.n  the  whole,  the  best  training  school  in  New  England,  has  thought  it  wise 
to  bring  together  into  a  comely  volume,  a  series  of  more  than  twenty  testimonies  and 
arguments,  from  some  of  the  ablest  thinkers  of  the  age,  in  favor  of  the  thorough  critical 
and  continuous  study  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  classics  —  prefaced  by  an  apt  and  convincing 
discussion  of  his  own.  Dr.  Taylor  thus  has  gathered  together  some  of  the  ripest  thoughts 
and  most  valuable  suggestions  cf  Mr.  Principal  Jones,  Prof.  Thiersch,  Hugh  8.  Legare, 
Dr.  Whewell,  John  Stuart  Mill,  Prof.  Noah  Porter,  Joseph  Payne,  Prof.  B.  B.  Edwards, 
Prof.  John  Conington,  Wm  Howard  Gardiner,  Esq.,  Prof.  Pillans,  Dr.  Geo.  B.  Loring, 
*^rof.  Sellar,  Pres.  McCosh,  Prof.  E.  D.  Sanborn,  Prof  Masson,  Hon.  P.  H.  Sears,  Pres. 
Felton,  Pres.  Brown,  Prof.  D'Arcy  W.  Thompson,  Prof.  Goldwin  Smith,  and  Prof.  L. 
':ampbe!l.  There  is  a  charm  in  being  able  to  note  so  readily  the  different  moving  of  so 
many  minds  upon  one  such  subject  as  this;  as  well  as  great  signitioance  and  force  in  th« 
rerdict  in  which  such  a  jury  agree."  —  Congrcgationalist. 

WARREN  F.  DRAPER,  Publisher, 

26  ANDOVER,  in  ASS. 


MISCELLANEOUS  WORKS 


PUBLISHED    BY 


W^RREDSr     F.     DR-A.FER, 

ANOOVER,    MASS. 


These  Books  'will  be  seut)  post-paid,  ou  receipt  of  the  price  affixed. 


CLASSICAL  STUDY  :  Its  Usefulness  illustrated  by  Selections  from  the  Writings 

of  Eminent  Scholars.  Edited,  with  an  Introduction,  by  Samuel  H.  Taylor, 

LL.D.,  Principal  of  Phillips  Academy.   12mo.  pp.  415.  Cloth  extra.      $2.00 

This  work  is  desigued  to  present  the  true  objects  of  Classical  Study,  and  the  advantages 
of  it  when  properly  conducted ;  also  to  correct  the  objections  which  have  been  raised 
against  the  study.  It  consists  of  extracts  from  some  of  the  best  critics  on  classical  educa- 
tion in  Germany,  England,  Scotland,  and  our  own  country ;  the  writers  themselves  being 
presidents  of  colleges,  professors  in  colleges  and  theological  seminaries,  statesmen,  lawyers, 
etc.  In  the  volume  therefore  will  be  found  the  carefully-framed  opinions  of  many  or  the 
best  minds  of  the  time.  No  one  line  of  thought  has  been  taken ;  the  subject  has  been 
viewed  from  almost  every  point.  The  work  therefore  contains  a  fuller  discussion  of  the 
advantages  of  classical  study  than  has  before  been  accessible.  The  need  of  such  a  volume 
is  widely  felt  among  the  friends  of  sound  learning.  Every  student  as  he  commences  his 
classical  course  should  understand  what  he  is  to  aim  at  and  what  he  is  to  gain  by  the  study. 

*nKTAIAOT   nOIHMA   NOT0ETIKON.      PHOCYLIDIS    POEMA    ADMONI- 

TORIUM.    Recognovit  Brevibusque  Notis  Instruxit.    J.  B.  Feuling,  Ph.D., 

A.O.S.S.,  Professor  Philologiae  Compar.  in  Univer.  Wisconsinensi.     Editio 

Prima  Americana.  16mo.  pp.  32.   Paper,  30  cents;  gilt  edges,  40  cents. 

"  Warren  F.  Draper,  of  Andover,  publishes  Prof.  J.  B.  Feuling's  Phocylidis  Poema 
Admonitorium,  with  a  double  introduction  and  a  few  notes,  all  in  Latin;  the  poem  itself, 
however,  is  in  the  original  Greek,  and  is  a  collection  of  moral  sentences  after  the  manner 
of  rhocylides,  in  hexameter  verse,  which  was  probably  compiled  some  eight  centuries  after 
the  poet's  death,  though  nobody  knows  when.  Scaliger  thought  it  quite  as  good  as  anything 
the  old  Milesian  ever  wrote,  and  very  likely  it  is ;  but  in  language  it  differs  from  the  gen- 
uine hexameter  of  the  Ionian  school  of  poets  to  which  Theognis  and  Solon  belonged.  The 
main  introduction  of  the  editor  relates  chiefly  to  classical  studies  in  America,  and  the  late 
convention  "  in  urbe  quam  vocant  Poughkeepsie,"  to  which,  by  anticipation,  he  dedicates 
liis  little  book.  His  notes  are  valuable  for  the  citations  from  Theognis,  Epictetus,  Simplicius, 
Sophocles,  Euripides,  Epicharneus,  Terence,  Cicero,  Sallust,  Horace,  and  Ovid;  some  of 
which  are  rare,  and  all  2i^^s,itQ."— Springfield  Republican. 

THE  THEOLOGY  OF  THE  GREEK  POETS.    By  W.  S.  Tyler,  WiHiston 
Professor  of  Greek  in  Amherst  College.  12mo.  pp.  365.  Cloth,  bevelled.   $1.75 

"  Professor  Tyler  has  here  produced  a  work  which  is  an  honor  to  American  literature. 
It  is  well  fitted  to  be  a  classic  in  our  Colleges  and  Theological  Seminaries.  It  furnishes 
admirable  illustrations  of  the  truth  of  both  natural  and  revealed  theology,  and  suggests 
original  methods  for  the  defence  of  these  truths."  —  BMiotheca  Sacra. 

"■  The  aim  of  the  author  is  to  detect  the  analogies  between  the  myths  of  the  Greek  drama 
and  epic,  and  the  truths  of  revelation.  The  care  of  the  scholar  and  the  enthusiasm  of 
the  poet  have  been  given  to  the  work."  —  Independent. 

"  Prof  Tyler  has  done  good  service  to  the  cause  of  truth  in  showing  that  the  Iliad  and 
Odyssey,  as  well  as  the  dramas  of  Aeschylus  and  the  tragedies  of  Sophocles,  express  ideas 
and  sentiments  very  much  like  those  we  find  in  contemporary  Scriptures." — Hours  at  Home. 

LECTURES   ON  PASTORAL  THEOLOGY.    By  Enoch  Pond,  D.D.,  Pro- 
fessor in  Bangor  Theological  Seminary.  Second  Ed.  12mo.  pp.  395.      $1.75 

"  This  volume  is  an  excellent  and  practical  treatise  upon  pastoral  duty,  and  is  heartily 
commended  to  all  who  are  entering  upon  or  engaged  in  the  holy  oflSce  of  the  Christian 
ministry."  —  Neio  York  Observer. 

"  Though  especially  adapted  to  Congregational  churches  and  ministers,they  will  be  found 
of  use  to  all ;  for  they  are  wise  and  prudent.  All  the  special  relations  and  duties  of  the 
ministry  are  fully  and  clearly  discussed."— ^mericara  Presbyterian  Theological  Jieview. 

i 


Bocks  Published  by  W.  F.  Draper. 

Goodrich,    Bible  History  of  Prayer.    By  C.  A. Goodrich.  1 2ma 

pp,  384.  $1.25 

"  The  aim  of  this  little  volume  is  to  embody  an  account  of  the  delightful  and 
successful  intercourse  of  believers  with  heaven  for  some  four  thousand  years.  The 
author  has  indulged  a  good  deal  in  narrative,  opening  and  explaining  the  circum- 
stances which  gave  birth  to  the  several  prayers. 

"  The  author  does  not  aim  to  write  a  treatise  on  prayer,  or  to  comment  on  all  the 
v-eferences  to  prayer  in  chronological  order,  but  to  dwell  on  its  nature  and  im- 
portance, and  make  suggestions  on  the  most  important  allusions  to  prayer,  as 
indicated  all  along  for  four  thousand  years.  He  explains  the  circumstances  con- 
nected wi:h  the  prayers  of  these  holy  men."  —  Religious  Union. 

Hebrevj  English  Psalter.    D^Vnn  *ist3.     The  Book  of  Psalms,  in 
Hebrew  and  English,  arranged  in  parallelism.  16mo.  pp.194.  $1.50 

"  The  neat  little  volume  which  bears  the  above  title  may  be  briefly  characterized 
as  a  happy  idea  beautifully  executed.  The  Hebrew  Text  of  the  Psalms  is  divided 
according  to  the  poetical  pause-points  of  the  verses,  so  that  it  appears  in  lines  as 
sung  by  the  Jewish  cantillators.  The  Hebrew  text  according  to  Hahn,  with  Rosen- 
miiller's  arrangement,  in  parallel  clauses,  occupies  one  column,  and  the  English 
text  of  the  Common  Version  another ;  the  two  standing  side  by  side,  so  that,  as 
far  as  the  idioms  of  the  tAvo  languages  admit,  the  corresponding  Hebrew  and  Eng- 
lish clauses  stand  opposite  to  each  other.  In  the  few  cases  where  the  different  or- 
der followed  in  the  version  makes  such  a  parallelism  impossible,  it  is  indicated  by 
braces  enclosing  the  translation. 

"  The  preacher  in  expounding  to  his  congregation  one  of  the  Psalms  of  David, 
will  find  it  very  convenient  to  have  the  original  by  the  side  of  the  English  version. 
For  private  reading  and  meditation,  also,  such  an  arrangement  will  be  found  very 
pleasant  and  profitable.  We  feel  confident  that  this  little  volume  will  be  a  favor- 
ite with  Hebrew  scholars ;  and  that,  when  they  have  once  become  habituated  to  it, 
it  will  be,  to  many  of  them,  a  vade  mecum." — Bibliotheca  Sacra. 

"  To  the  devout  scholar  who  loves  to  see  these  sacred  songs  of  the  temple  worship 
written  as  they  were  chanted,  and  desires  to  possess  a  correct  arrangement  of  the 
alphabetical  Psalms,  this  little  book  is  invaluable." —  Watchman  and  Re/lector. 

"  The  book  is  compact,  well-printed,  and  every  way  adapted  to  its  purpose."  — 
Lutheran  and  Missionary. 

"  A  happy  design,  and  beautifully  executed  in  its  typography."  —  Boston  Review. 

"A  handsome  edition  of  the  book  of  Psalms,  which  will  be  quite  a  favorite  with 
clergymen  and  theological  students."  —  New  Englander. 

"A  very  convenient  and  admirable  manual,  and  we  beg  leave  to  thank  our 
Andover  friend  for  it."  —  Presbyterian  Quarterly. 

"  This  beautifully  printed  work  will  be  very  popular  with  biblical  scholars.  It 
is  portable,  and  to  one  who  has  become  measurably  acquainted  with  the  original, 
it  must  be  a  valuable  vade  mecum."  —  Methodist  Quairterly. 

"  We  have  here  a  beautifully  clear  and  eye-comforting  edition  of  the  Hebrew 
Psalter,  according  to  Hahn's  text,  but  arranged   in  verse  mostly  according  to 

Rosenmiiller Every  lover  of  the  Hebrew  will  desire  and  be  grateful  for  so 

agreeable  a  help  to  his  studies  and  devotions."  —  Congregationalist. 

"  The  volume  is  beautifully  printed,  of  convenient  size  for  use,  and  of  admirable 
adaptation  to  the  service  of  those  whose  Hebrew  has  become  a  dim  reminiscence." 
No/th  American  Review. 

Hebrew  Psalter.    D^bnn  "nSO.     Liber  Psalmorum.    Text  according 
to  Hahn.     32mo.     Morocco,     pp.  177.  $1.00 

This  is  the  smallest  pocket  edition,  and  is  altogether  the  most  convenient  He- 
Drew  Psalter  ever  published  in  this  country.     It  is  printed  in  very  clear  type. 

"  To  those  who  read  Hebrew  this  little  volume  will  be  a  perfect  diamond.  We 
have  seen  nothing  for  many  a  day  which  has  pleased  our  fancy  more.  The  paper 
is  excellent,  the  printing  remarkably  clear  and  distinct,  and  the  general  appearance 
of  the  boo/clet  like  a  gera  of  the  first  water — which  it  is." —  Christian  Secretary. 

H 


RECENT    PUBLICATIONS. 


hightfoot,     St,  PauVs  Epistle  to  the  Galatians,    A  Revised 

Text,  with  Introduction,  Notes,  and  Dissertations.  By  J.  B.  Light. 
FOOT,  D.D.,  Hulsean  Professor  of  Divinity,  and  Fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.  8vo.  pp.  402.  Uniform  in  style  with  Ellicott 
Henderson  and  Murphy.  $3.00 

"  This  work  aims  to  be,  and  in  some  respects  is,  more  complete  than  any  other 
treatise  upon  the  Epistle  in  the  English  language.  Great  labor  and  learning  are 
expended  upon  collateral  discussions.  Indeed,  the  commentary  on  the  text  forms 
the  smaller  part  of  the  volume,  invested  as  it  is  with  elaborate  dissertations  and 
detached  notes,  before  and  after  and  between. 

"  The  commentary  is  learned  without  display.  It  bears  marks  throughout  of 
wide  and  scholarly  research  held  in  strict  subordination  to  the  purpose  of  exposi- 
tion. All  theories  except  those  which  deserve  a  consideration  are  left  out  of  the 
account.  Perhaps  the  collateral  dissertations  might  have  been  similarly  com- 
pressed. It  is  independent.  Few  commentaries  bear  more  clearly  the  tokens  of 
freedom  from  constraint.  The  author  apparently  does  not  swerve  from  his  course 
either  to  agree  with  or  diflfer  from  any  other  writer.     He  decides  for  himseii  apon 

the  text,  after  a  revision  by  Westcott  for  his  use And  this  leads  us  to  say 

that  it  is  largely  marked  by  a  manly  insight.  He  reaches  his  results  less  by  that 
process  of  exclusion  which  so  characterizes  Ellicott,  and  more  by  a  direct  appre- 
hension ;  and  he  often  holds  them,  perhaps,  with  more  of  an  instinctive  certainty 
than  Alford It  is  spiritual  and  evangelical." —  Congregational  Review. 

"  For  a  scholar's  use  Dr.  Lightfoot's  Commentary  is  invaluable.  He  and  Bishop 
Ellicott  worthily  supplement  each  other.  The  Revised  Text  is  one  of  the  best 
recent  contributions  to  a  complete  text  to  the  Greek  New  Testament,  and  the  criti- 
cisms on  the  text  are  concise  and  to  the  point,"  etc.  —  Am.  Presbyterian  Review. 

"  Taken  as  a  whole,  we  venture  to  say  that  this  is  the  most  complete  and  ex- 
haustive commentary  on  the  Epistle  to  the  Galatians  that  has  yet  appeared,  Ellicott's 
not  excepted."  —  Christian  Intelligencer. 

Beubelt,    The  Scripture  Doctrine  of  the  Person  of  Christ. 

By  J.  A.  Reubelt,  D.D.,  Professor  in  Indiana  University,  Bloom- 
higton,  Ind.,  based  on  the  German  of  W.  F.  Gess.  12mo.  pp.  456. 
Cloth,  $2.00 

"  As  a  whole,  this  treatise  may  be  briefly  characterized  as  an  earnest  and  able 
effort  to  present  the  true  and  consistent  doctrine  of  the  Scriptures  respecting  the 
person  of  Christ,  and  to  reconcile  the  varying  confessional  statements  and  views  of 
different  denominations,  by  carefully  comparing  them  with  the  language  of  the 
Scriptures  themselves.  The  investigation  is  conducted  in  a  devout,  candid  and 
tiiith-loving  spirit,  combined  with  accurate  scholarship  and  thorough  study  of  the 
subject."  —  Lutheran  Observer. 

"  The  translator  has  executed  his  task  with  admirable  skill.  While  preserving 
the  integrity  of  the  original  as  to  its  line  of  thought  and  argument,  he  has  clothed 
it  in  excellent  English." —  Christian  Intelligencer. 

"  Those  who  hold  the  doctrine  of  eternal  generation  will  here  find  a  valuable  aid 
in  divestino:  their  views  of  its  customary  crudeness,  and  sublimating,  as  far  as  may 
be.  the  inherent  contradiction  that  lies  in  the  two  words.  We  are  content  with 
that  view  of  the  phrase,  "  only-begotten  Son,"  which  regards  it  as  setting  forth  by 
a  human  relationship  (as  usual)  everywhere  significant,  but  especially  so  to  a  Jew, 
the  unity  of  nature,  possession,  purpose,  interest,  and  sympathy  which  characteriz« 
the  Father  and  the  Son."  —  Congregational  Review. 

"Though  the  style  of  thought  is  peculiar,  and  though  the  opinions  are  often 
new,  and  sometimes  such  as  may  not  command  immediate  assent,  or  even  com- 
mand assent  at  all,  yet  there  is  an  awakening  power  in  the  book,  and  the  drift  of  il 
IS  right."  —  Congregationalist. 

WARREN  P.  DRAPER,  Publisher, 
34  Andover,  Mass. 


Bociks  FuhUshed  by  W,  F.  Draper. 

Winer.    A  Grammar  of  the  Idiom  of  the  New  Testam^ent : 

prepared  as  a  Solid  Basis  for  the  Interpretation  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament. By  Dr.  George  Benedict  Winer.  Seventh  edition, 
enlarged  and  improved.  By  Dr.  Gottlieb  Lunemann,  Pro- 
fessor of  Theology  at  the  University  of  Gottingen.  Revised  and 
Authorized  Translation.     8vo.     pp.  744. 

Cloth,  $5.00 ;  sheep,  $6.00 ;  half  goat,  $6.75 

"After  his  death  a  seventh  edition  of  his  Grammar  was  pubhshed  in  1 866,  under 
the  editorial  care  of  Dr.  Liinemann.  This  editor  incorporated  into  this  edition 
the  numerous  manuscript  notes  which  Winer  had  prepared  for  it.  *  Without  alter- 
ing the  general  distribution  of  matter  as  it  appeared  in  the  sixth  edition,  he 
[Winer]  constantly  improved  the  book  in  details,  by  additions  of  greater  or  less 
extent  in  more  than  three  hundred  and  forty  places,  by  erasures  and  reconstruc- 
tions, by  the  multiplication  of  parallel  passages  from  biblical  and  from  profane 
literature,  by  a  more  precise  definition  of  thoughts  and  expressions,'  etc.  Professor 
Liinemann  has  added  to  the  seventh  edition  not  only  these  improvements,  but  also 
improvements  of  his  own  ;  and  has  thus  made  the  seventh  edition  more  full,  as 
well  as  more  accurate,  than  either  of  the  preceding. 

"  The  first  edition  of  Winer's  Grammar  was  translated  into  English  by  Professors 
Stuart  and  Robinson  in  1825 ;  the  fourth  edition  by  Professors  Agnew  and  Ebbeke 
in  1839  ;  the  sixth  edition,  translated  by  Professor  Masson,  was  published  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  his  translation  of  the  sixth  is  the  basis  of  Professor  Thayer's  transla- 
tion of  the  seventh  [LUnemann's]  edition.  Professor  Thayer,  however,  has  intro- 
duced numerous  and  important  corrections  of  Masson's  translation,  and  has  made 
the  present  edition  of  the  Grammar  decidedly  superior  to  any  of  the  preceding 
translations.  He  has  made  it  especially  convenient  for  the  uses  of  an  English 
student,  by  noting  on  the  outer  margin  of  the  pages  the  paging  of  the  sixth  and 
seventh  German  editions,  and  also  of  Professor  Masson's  translation.  Thus  the 
reader  of  a  commentary  which  refers  to  the  pages  of  either  of  those  volumes,  may 
easily  find  the  reference  by  consulting  the  margin  of  this  volume.  Great  care  has 
also  been  bestowed  on  the  indexes  of  the  present  volume,  which  are  now  very 
accurate  and  complete.  One  of  the  indexes,  that  of  passages  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment explained  or  cited  occupies  sixty  pages,  and  notes  distinctively  not  only  the 
texts  which  are  merely  cited,  but  also  those  which  are  commented  upon.  For  this, 
much  credit  is  due  to  Professor  G.  W.  Warren,  of  the  Baptist  Theological  Sem- 
inary in  Chicago.  The  three  indexes  fill  eighty -five  pages,  and  largely  augment 
the  value  and  richness  of  the  volume.  The  typographical  execution  of  the  book 
also  deserves  praise ;  so  far  as  we  have  examined  it,  we  have  been  surprised  at  its 
correctness  in  places  where  the  types  are  apt  to  err."  —  BibUotheca  Sacra. 

"  The  work  of  the  American  editor  is  done  in  a  thorough  and  scholarly  man- 
ner." —  Congregational  Quarterly. 

"  While  nothing  has  been  done  by  either  the  American  or  German  editor  to  alter 
the  character  and  plan  of  the  work  as  Winer  left  it  after  the  labor  of  a  life,  noth- 
ing has  been  left  undone  to  correct  and  complete  it,  and  provide  for  its  more  ex- 
tended usefulness,"  —  Princeton  Review. 

"  The  whole  appearance  of  the  work  as  it  now  stands  indicates  a  careful  and 
thorough  scholarship.  A  critical  comparison  of  several  pages  with  the  original 
confirms  the  impression  made  by  a  general  examination  of  the  book.  In  its  pres- 
ent form,  this  translation  may  now  be  recommended  as  worthy  of  a  place  in  the 
library  of  every  minister  who  desires  to  study  the  New  Testament  with  the  aid  of 
the  best  critical  helps."  —  Theological  Eclectic. 

"  Great  pains  also  have  been  taken  to  secure  typographical  accuracy,  an  ex- 
tremely difficult  thing  in  a  work  of  this  kind.  We  rejoice  that  so  invaluable  a 
work  has  thus  been  made  as  nearly  perfect  as  we  can  hope  ever  to  have  it.  It  is  a 
work  that  can  hardly  fail  to  facilitate  and  increase  the  reverent  and  accurate  study 
of  the  Word  of  God."  —  American  Presbyterian  Review. 

27 


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